A few days ago, all the teachers and students of Shixia Middle School in red ridge middle school gathered in the playground to cheer for the third-year students who are going to take the exam.

　　The senior high school entrance examination in our city starts today, and the examination time is from June 26th to 28th. There are 211 test sites in the city. According to the city’s enrollment plan for senior high schools in 2023, the overall degree of senior high schools this year can meet the needs of students enrolled by marking, and the admission rate of ordinary high schools is expected to exceed 70%.

　　According to the time arrangement of the entrance examination in our city this year, up to now, the physical examination, English listening and speaking examination and volunteering for the entrance examination have been successfully completed. The cultural examination of the senior high school entrance examination is divided into three days. Today, the first one is Chinese, physics and chemistry (combined volume), tomorrow, there will be an examination of mathematics, history and Taoism (combined volume), and on the last day, there will be an examination of English (written test). In order to create a good examination environment and ensure that candidates can take the examination safely and smoothly, in recent days, the municipal education department, in conjunction with the departments of public security, health, transportation, emergency, water affairs, market supervision, meteorology, urban management, radio management, power supply, communication, track and fire protection, has once again started the "warm-hearted examination" mode, with advanced planning, careful deployment, coordination and linkage, with the highest standards, the strictest requirements and the strongest guarantee.

　　According to the city’s enrollment plan for senior high schools in 2023, there are 124,500 students enrolled in this year’s senior high schools in our city, including 120,000 students enrolled in senior high schools in our city, and 45,000 students enrolled in provincial (including cross-city) secondary vocational schools, which can meet the needs of candidates who meet the admission requirements of Shenzhen senior high school entrance examination in 2023. In 2023, the city’s schools arranged 89,000 enrollment plans for ordinary high schools, including 65,000 public enrollment plans. With the continuous increase of candidates, the admission rate of ordinary high schools in our city is expected to exceed 70% this year, of which the admission rate of public high schools exceeds 52%, which is basically the same as that in 2022.

　　remind

　　The city recruitment office reminds the majority of candidates: carefully check and confirm the time, place and subjects of the exam. After 15 minutes of the exam, late candidates cannot enter the test center to take the on-the-spot exam. If you encounter an accident or emergency in the process of taking the exam, you can seek help from the traffic police on duty or the test center teacher nearby, or call the service telephone number of the relevant department.

The Municipal Meteorological Bureau will launch a refined hourly forecast for each test site.

　　The reporter learned from the Municipal Meteorological Bureau that it is expected that during the senior high school entrance examination (26-28), the city will be generally cloudy, accompanied by sunshine showers, without typhoons and large-scale heavy rains, and there will be many local (thunder) showers, with the highest temperature of 32℃-33℃ and hot weather. (Thunderstorm) showers may occur in the early morning or afternoon, during which lightning warning signals, regional thunderstorm warning signals and regional rainstorm warning signals may be issued. The specific forecast is as follows:

　　On the 26th, it was cloudy with short-term (thunder) showers, the temperature was 26℃-32℃, the southeast wind was 2-3, and the maximum gust in coastal, highland and sea area was 6-7. On the 27th, it was cloudy and cloudy with showers or thunderstorms. The temperature was 27℃-32℃ and the southeast wind was 2-3. It was cloudy on the 28th, with showers or thunderstorms. The temperature was 27℃-33℃ and the southeast wind was 2-3.

　　During the senior high school entrance examination, the Municipal Meteorological Bureau launched a number of services for each test center, such as detailed hourly forecast by time period, weather warning during the examination period, and early warning of sudden bad weather, to protect the candidates. The majority of candidates and parents can obtain the latest weather information from the "Shenzhen Weather" APP, the "Shenzhen Weather" area of the Shenzhen Meteorological Bureau, and the "Shenzhen Weather" Weibo.

Fully guarantee reliable power supply

　　Our city welcomes the last "big exam" in June-this year’s senior high school entrance examination and the second grade academic level examination. Shenzhen Power Supply Bureau of China Southern Power Grid has formulated power grid plans and on-site disposal plans for power outage accidents one by one for the 218 test sites under its jurisdiction, and prepared emergency teams, related plans and emergency materials in advance, so as to respond to emergencies in a timely manner.

　　At present, it is in the flood season, and with the high temperature weather, Shenzhen Power Supply Bureau has also carried out full coverage special inspections for 195 power supply substations and 431 power lines in advance, focusing on patrol against external damage, infrared temperature measurement, partial discharge detection, and hidden danger management to ensure the safe and stable operation of power grid equipment.

　　During the examination, the bureau will closely monitor the emergencies around key places, smooth the green channel of power conservation, and provide reliable power protection for candidates.

A number of traffic measures "escort" senior high school entrance examination

　　With the entrance examination coming, in order to create a good examination environment and ensure the smooth travel of candidates during the entrance examination, Shenzhen Municipal Transportation Bureau has taken various measures to ensure the travel of students in the entrance examination and provide safe, convenient and thoughtful public transportation services for the majority of candidates.

　　The bureau organized bus companies to adjust 443 bus lines passing through the test sites, and ensured the smooth operation of the lines through measures such as flexible scheduling and encrypted shifts. Metro Group will open a "green channel" for candidates at all stations under its jurisdiction. Candidates who travel by subway can enjoy the priority security check service by showing their ID cards, admission tickets and other relevant certificates to the station staff, thus improving travel efficiency. At the same time, the Municipal Transportation Bureau took the initiative to meet the needs of schools, and organized chartered companies in the city to provide chartered services for candidates.

　　During the senior high school entrance examination, Shenzhen traffic started the "silent mode". It is strictly forbidden to honk the horns of operating vehicles passing through the test sites, and stop using voice playback equipment such as turning prompts. Road maintenance projects were suspended during the examination period, and the factors that hindered the smooth progress of the examination, such as poor traffic and noise caused by operating vehicles, subways and road construction, were completely eliminated. At the same time, coordinate with relevant departments and navigation enterprises to carefully adjust flight plans, suspend all non-essential flight tasks during the examination period, and minimize the impact of traffic noise on candidates.

　　In order to ensure the safe and smooth travel of candidates, Shenzhen Municipal Bureau of Transportation, together with relevant departments, further strengthened the inspection of traffic facilities and construction projects around test sites, and specially rectified various traffic safety facilities. By setting up safety warning signs and arranging special personnel to be on duty, we will do our best to eliminate the potential safety hazards that cannot be rectified in a short time. At the same time, Shenzhen Metro and bus companies were organized to participate in the exam-assisting activities, and "love exam-assisting stations" were set up in some bus lines passing through the test sites and stations under their jurisdiction to provide disposable raincoats, exam stationery and emergency medicines for candidates in case of emergency.

Guangdong 2023 college entrance examination released the list.

　　On June 25th, the Provincial Education Examinations Institute announced the minimum control scores for each batch of college entrance examinations in Guangdong this year. The lowest score of undergraduate general history admission is 433 points, and the lowest score of undergraduate general physics admission is 439 points. The college entrance examination volunteer application begins on June 28th, and the admission begins on July 9th. In addition, the senior high school entrance examination in our city starts today, and the admission rate of our city’s general high school is expected to exceed 70% this year.

　　The time for volunteering for the college entrance examination is divided into two periods. The first period starts from 9: 00 on June 28th to 16: 00 on June 29th. During this period, only the professional group volunteers of undergraduate military, armed police, justice, fire protection, flight technology, public security and other colleges that need political review, interview and physical examination are filled in, and the professional group volunteers of specialized judicial institutions are approved in advance. Candidates who apply for the professional groups of these institutions must fill in the form during this period and make online volunteering confirmation. The second time period is from 19: 00 on June 29th to 16: 00 on July 4th. Except for the college professional group volunteers reported in the first time period, all other batches and types of college professional group volunteers should be reported in this time period and confirmed online.

　　This year’s Guangdong college entrance examination admission batches are divided into advance batches, undergraduate batches and specialist batches. The three admission batches are scheduled to be held from July 9 to August 13, with the advance batch from July 9 to 16, the undergraduate batch from July 16 to 31, and the specialist batch from August 1 to 13.

　　The reporter learned from the Provincial Education Examinations Institute and the Shenzhen Recruitment Office that candidates who have questions about their scores in a certain subject can bring the admission ticket to their school or registration point before 17:00 on June 26 to submit a written application for rechecking scores. The Provincial Education Examinations Institute will organize a review from June 28th to 29th. The provincial education examination institute will correct the scores of the candidates who are found to have incorrect scores after the review. The corrected scores will be sent directly to me, and the school (registration point) will inform the candidates themselves. After the review, the electronic document of the list of candidates with correct scores will be fed back to the relevant schools, which will inform the candidates. Candidates who apply for re-examination scores can check the re-examination results according to the relevant prompts through the "Guangdong Recruitment Online" applet at 9:00 on June 30th.

Experts suggest locking in the scope of specialty in combination with hobbies.

　　On June 25th, the scores and scores of Guangdong college entrance examination were announced, and the voluntary reporting work will begin on June 28th. Experts on volunteering for the college entrance examination suggest that candidates and parents should combine their own interests and hobbies to lock in the scope of their major when filling in their volunteers, and make a reasonable report compared with the admission data of their favorite universities in the past three years.

　　In an interview with reporters, Shen Jiyuan, a national senior career planner and expert in volunteering for the college entrance examination, said that although the undergraduate admission scores of the college entrance examination in Guangdong Province this year are not much different from those of last year, as a new college entrance examination province, there are still data adjustment of professional groups, new enrollment plans, and risks of professional groups quitting files, which need attention. At this stage, there are nearly 800 majors to choose from, but each candidate has different talents and interests, and only some of them are suitable. Candidates and parents should first lock in the professional scope when volunteering to fill in the form, and don’t "change your mind". Especially after the scores are published, there is a gap between some candidates and parents, which loosens the original professional intention, especially the suggestions of relatives and friends will also affect decision-making. This will make it difficult to choose within a limited time, so it is suggested to lock in the scope of majors first, and then lock in institutions according to scores and enrollment plans.

　　Shen Jiyuan said that even if some colleges and universities have different majors in the same professional group, the scores of selected majors should be set aside. Especially for popular majors such as teachers’ college, medicine, electronics, computer, etc., the scores in some professional groups will reach 20 points. Candidates who rush to fill in popular majors may be transferred to majors they don’t like because of insufficient scores, and there may even be a risk of quitting. Therefore, when choosing a major group, we should not just look at the lowest score of the major group, but must compare the three-year data to understand the actual score of the major we applied for.

　　"Candidates must refer to the official data of the provincial admissions office when referring to the data. After the college entrance examination, some parents are in a state of high anxiety, and they are afraid of a lot of information, especially all kinds of data, and even use’ whether there is internal data’ as a reference standard and judgment basis. In fact, this idea is not desirable." Shen Jiyuan said that all enrollment plans and university admission data will be published by the provincial admissions office with official authority, and the university will also enroll students according to official requirements, and will arrange the time reasonably, which will definitely meet the needs of parents for normal reporting. At the same time, every candidate’s parents will have an officially announced enrollment plan and reporting guide, which is the most authoritative and accurate. The work of volunteering also needs to be officially published before it can be officially selected. Therefore, parents and candidates need not be too anxious, first ensure accuracy and correctness, and then pursue efficiency time.

　　Finally, Shen Jiyuan concluded that volunteering to fill in the form is not a form. It will have a corresponding impact on candidates’ future college life through majors and colleges. Parents are requested to maintain rational wisdom and make an optimal choice for their children.

The number of students enrolled in colleges and universities in Shenzhen has increased.

　　With the announcement of college entrance examination results, how to choose majors and fill in volunteers has become a hot topic of concern for candidates and parents. Recently, major universities in Shenzhen have successively released enrollment plans for 2023. The reporter found that several major universities have increased both in enrollment and specialty setting.

　　The two new enrollment majors in Shenzhen University are Intelligent Construction and Intelligent Transportation. Among them, the intelligent construction specialty is based on the civil engineering specialty, and the intelligent transportation specialty is based on the "iterative upgrade" of the traffic engineering specialty. In addition, Shenzhen University has also added an excellent class of "Mathematics and Applied Mathematics" this year. Excellent classes adopt tutorial system, and the graduation promotion rate can reach 30%. Students can take postgraduate courses in advance, and there is a direct blog program.

　　Shenzhen MSU-BIT University has newly opened majors in intelligent perception engineering and financial technology. Intelligent perception engineering is a new engineering specialty, and it is a high-tech intensive comprehensive specialty formed by the intersection and integration of multiple disciplines. Financial science and technology major belongs to economics major, aiming at cultivating innovative financial science and technology talents with solid economic theory, strong foreign language ability and familiarity with economics, finance and modern information technology theoretical knowledge.

　　In 2023, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) newly recruited students majoring in literature and history (history), mainly including economic management experimental classes and architecture (smart living). Among them, architecture (smart living) includes architecture and urban and rural planning, and the economic management experimental class includes economics and accounting (big data accounting direction). The number of students enrolled in the experimental class of economic management and the class of architecture (smart residence) is 18 and 8 respectively. Students can choose any major in this major category.

　　A few days ago, the Ministry of Education announced the record and approval results of undergraduate majors in ordinary colleges and universities in 2023, and the physics major applied by the Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen) passed the examination and approval. It is reported that the physics major of this school aims to provide students with a complete curriculum system based on practice and thus lead students to contact the cutting-edge technical principles in this field.

　　In 2023, Shenzhen University of Technology added six popular majors: robot engineering, intelligent perception engineering, stomatology technology, biopharmaceuticals, new media art and music performance, and recruited music candidates for the first time. Among them, robot engineering recruits 130 people, intelligent perception engineering recruits 135 people, biopharmaceuticals recruits 60 people, stomatology technology recruits 60 people, new media art recruits 40 people, and music performances recruits 45 people. In the overall enrollment plan for ordinary undergraduate students, 600 students will be added this year, and 4,000 students will be enrolled, maintaining a high enrollment plan increment for four consecutive years. In addition, in 2023, Shenzhen University of Technology also set up a special class enrollment plan for the first time, including computer science and technology (Tencent Safety Elite Class), Chinese Medicine (Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Traditional Chinese Medicine Elite Class) and computer science and technology (Digital Clothing Technology Elite Class) managed and trained by Fashion Technology College.

　　Shenzhen Vocational and Technical University (hereinafter referred to as "Shenzhen Vocational College") began to recruit students in the province this year. The first batch of six professional undergraduate majors were set up, including electronic information engineering technology, modern communication engineering, artificial intelligence engineering technology, intelligent manufacturing engineering technology, new energy vehicle engineering technology and digital animation, and it is planned to recruit 200 students. Among them, electronic information engineering technology, modern communication engineering, artificial intelligence engineering technology, intelligent manufacturing engineering technology and new energy vehicle engineering technology each recruit 31 people, and recruit general physics candidates; Digital animation major enrolls 30 students and art candidates. In addition, the school innovates the training mode of undergraduate talents, offers electronic information engineering technology (experimental class), and plans to recruit 15 students, with a separate professional group, to recruit general physics candidates. The college recruits students from 20 provinces (cities and autonomous regions) across the country, and two new enrollment majors, namely intelligent construction technology and smart city management technology, are added.

　　In 2023, Shenzhen Vocational College of Information Technology plans to recruit 6,700 students (including three-and-two-segment, academic examination, "3+ certificate", independent enrollment and general high school enrollment). Among them, the summer general college entrance examination in Guangdong Province announced plans to enroll 1938 students. For the first time, it enrolled students from outside the province, including 8 provinces and autonomous regions such as Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Henan and Shanxi. There are 50 enrollment majors in the school this year. Compared with last year, there are three new majors: intelligent internet technology, intelligent construction technology and sports art performance.

Compared with the ordinary monitoring station, it is more like a "doctor" with a comprehensive physical examination. It can not only monitor more than 150 indicators, but also find out the cause of air pollution and explain it clearly … At the press conference held by the Department of Ecology and Environment on March 7, the sub-station of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Photochemistry Group (hereinafter referred to as Super Station) walked from behind the scenes to the front.

Super stations have been planned and laid out in 15 key cities in Sichuan. Among them, the super stations in 8 cities including Chengdu have been put into use, and the remaining 7 super stations will be completed and put into operation before the end of this year. By then, a super station monitoring network will be basically formed in the whole province to realize targeted control of air pollution.

More than 150 indicators can be monitored to find out the "cause" of air pollution.

Due to the special topography, meteorology, industry, energy, traffic structure and other comprehensive factors, the prevention and control of air pollution in Sichuan Basin has entered a "deep water period", and it is necessary to move the real thing and "chew the hard bone" one by one.

How to dig?

"Targeted control is very important!" Lei Yi, deputy director of the Department of Ecology and Environment, said that based on the basic completion of the atmospheric environmental quality monitoring network, the Department of Ecology and Environment will increase the construction of super stations from 2020 to further clarify and understand the components of atmospheric pollutants and realize scientific pollution control.

So, where is the super station "super"?

At the press conference, Lei Yi made an image metaphor. "Compared with the conventional 6-parameter automatic monitoring station for ambient air quality, the super station is more like a’ doctor’ with a comprehensive physical examination." Lei Yi said that the super station can monitor more than 150 kinds of indicators, including elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), water-soluble ions and inorganic elements in fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and 117 kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated by ozone (O3). "The cause of air pollution can be clearly identified and explained." Lei Yi said.

At present, Sichuan has planned and laid out super stations in 15 key cities, among which super stations in Chengdu, Zigong, Luzhou, Deyang, Mianyang, Yibin, Guang ‘an and Dazhou have been put into use. The super stations in Panzhihua, Suining, Neijiang, Leshan, Nanchong, Meishan and Ziyang will be completed and put into operation before the end of this year. By then, a super station monitoring network will be basically formed in the whole province, which will provide more powerful support for deepening the blue sky defense war.

"Targeted pollution control" to achieve maximum environmental benefits at minimum cost.

In the winter of 2022, the concentration of water-soluble substances such as sulfate, organic carbon, elemental carbon and heavy metal iron in the air pollution in Deyang City was high, which contributed greatly to the concentration of PM2.5 in the urban area … Facing the atmospheric "disease", the Super Station accurately "felt the pulse" and found out the "cause": the characteristic pollution sources mainly came from industries such as coal burning and smelting. The targeted management and control plan was quickly released: relevant departments strengthened the management and control of enterprises such as steel and glass. When the medicine reaches the disease, the related pollutants are effectively controlled.

In addition to "targeted pollution control", the super station can also provide more accurate support for regional air environmental quality prediction and early warning of heavy pollution process.

Qi Qiang, chief engineer of the provincial ecological environment monitoring station, said that accurate early warning and forecasting have laid a good foundation for the prevention and control of air pollution, leaving enough space and gaining time for the process of dealing with polluted weather. The data shows that in 2022, the accuracy of air quality grade forecast in the next three days in the province will be 89.3%. After the completion of the super station in Mianyang, the accuracy of air quality grade forecast reached 95%.

Lei Yi said that relying on the super station, the local party committees and governments can carry out their work in a targeted manner, achieve precise control, and achieve maximum environmental benefits at the least cost.

A full-time and full-coverage atmospheric environmental quality monitoring network has been basically established.

Ecological environment monitoring is the basic work of ecological environment protection. "We have basically built a full-time, full-coverage atmospheric environmental quality monitoring network." Lei Yi said that the completion of such a network provides an important basis for assessing the improvement of environmental quality and the effectiveness of environmental pollution control in various places.

At present, there are 308 national and provincial air quality automatic monitoring stations in the province, and there is one national and provincial air quality automatic monitoring station every 25 square kilometers in the built-up areas of cities at or above the county level to monitor the ambient air quality of cities at or above the county level in real time. The eco-environment department also cooperates closely with meteorological departments to establish the Southwest Regional Air Quality Forecast Center, which can realize the forecast of air quality grade in the next 14 days at the provincial level and the forecast of major pollutants concentration in the next 7 days at prefecture-level cities. (Reporter   Tian Chengchen)

The COVID-19 epidemic has lasted for more than four years, and Covid-19 is still raging around the world. According to statistics, nearly 7 million people infected with COVID-19 around the world have died of infection. In fact, the main cause of illness deterioration and even death of most patients is not the virus itself, but the excessive inflammatory reaction and inflammatory factor storm caused by Covid-19. However, the specific mechanism of how the virus triggers such a strong inflammatory response in the lungs is still unclear.

Recently, the Chinese research team of the University of Southern California published an important achievement in the journal Nature Cell Biology. Studies have revealed that Covid-19 can trigger a stronger inflammatory response than other RNA viruses. Surprisingly, this inflammatory factor storm is not caused by the rapid replication infection of the virus to lung epithelial cells, but by the "frustration infection" of the virus to a large number of immune cells pouring into the lungs in the later stage, that is, the virus can not complete the replication infection process.

The researchers further revealed the mechanism of Covid-19 infecting immune cells and triggering the storm of inflammatory factors: Toll-like receptor 1(TLR1) on the surface of immune cells recognizes the structural proteins E (envelope glycoprotein) and M (matrix protein) of Covid-19, so that the virus is endocytosed, thus causing "frustration infection". In addition, the binding of Covid-19 envelope glycoprotein E to immune cells TLR1 can directly activate the inflammatory response of immune cells, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory factors, which is the root cause of cytokine storm caused by Covid-19.

Dr. Duan Tianhao, Dr. Xing Changsheng and Dr. Chu Junjun are the co-first authors of this paper, and Professor Wang Rongfu is the correspondent author.

In order to explore the uniqueness of Covid-19’s strong inflammatory response, scientists screened 27 kinds of protein coded by Covid-19. Studies have revealed that Covid-19-encoded protein named NSP14 can directly promote the phosphorylation of IKK, a key kinase complex in the inflammatory signaling pathway, and significantly enhance the inflammatory response.

Interestingly, another Covid-19-encoded protein named ORF6 can inhibit inflammatory reaction and can be anchored to cell membrane. ORF6 significantly inhibits the activation of inflammatory reaction by preventing the nuclear entry of inflammatory transcription factor NF-κ B..

However, NSP14 promotes inflammation and ORF6 inhibits inflammation. What will be the final result of these two actions? Scientists have noticed that there was no obvious inflammatory reaction in the early stage of Covid-19 infection, but the inflammatory reaction increased significantly in the middle and late stage. This suggests that NSP14 and ORF6 may have different expression patterns at different stages of infection, which may lead to clinical observation.

After consulting the data, scientists noticed that there was a large amount of immune cell infiltration in Covid-19’s lungs at the late stage of infection. This leads to a guess: Will these infiltrated immune cells be infected by Covid-19, and then release a large number of inflammatory factors?

To answer these questions, researchers conducted a series of experiments. They used a modified version of Covid-19 labeled with green fluorescence to infect lung epithelial cells and immune cells respectively. The results showed that only lung epithelial cells showed fluorescent signal, indicating that Covid-19 could only replicate when infected with epithelial cells, but could not replicate when infected with immune cells (frustration infection). On the contrary, although a low level of inflammatory reaction activation was detected in lung epithelial cells, a strong inflammatory signal activation was detected in immune cells.

Scientists speculate that the different expression patterns of NSP14 and ORF6 in lung epithelial cells and immune cells may lead to the inhibition of inflammatory reaction in epithelial cells and the activation of inflammatory reaction in immune cells, which may be related to Covid-19’s "frustrated infection" in immune cells.

Traditionally, lung epithelial cells are the main target of infection in Covid-19, because there is a key receptor protein ACE2 on its surface, which can bind to Covid-19 spike protein S and promote the virus to invade cells. Immune cells, on the other hand, are not considered to have ACE2 receptors, so they are usually not considered to be infected by Covid-19.

However, further research shows that Covid-19 can infect immune cells despite the lack of ACE2 receptor, but due to the lack of ACE2, the virus cannot replicate after entering immune cells (frustration infection). What is even more surprising is that this "frustration infection" causes Covid-19 to selectively express NSP14 protein which promotes inflammatory response, but not ORF6 protein which inhibits inflammation, thus aggravating the inflammatory response of immune cells and promoting the generation of inflammatory storm.

Accordingly, scientists describe the complete mechanism of inflammation induced by Covid-19:

In the early stage, Covid-19 mainly infected lung epithelial cells through ACE2 receptor, where the virus quickly replicated and released a large number of virus particles to infect other epithelial cells. Although lung epithelial cells also express a small amount of TLR1 receptor and can be activated by virus, the expression of TLR1 in epithelial cells is much lower than that in immune cells, and the activation level of inflammatory signals is weak. In addition, due to Covid-19’s massive expression of inflammatory inhibitory protein ORF6 in epithelial cells, the inflammatory reaction was effectively inhibited. Therefore, the early stage of Covid-19 infection is mainly characterized by virus replication, accompanied by weak inflammatory reaction, that is, asymptomatic infection period.

In the late stage, the viral load reached the peak, the replication speed decreased, and a large number of immune cells gathered in the lungs. Immune cells recognize and bind the structural proteins E and M of the virus through the highly expressed TLR1 receptor, which triggers the activation of severe inflammatory reaction. At the same time, the virus binding to TLR1 can enter the immune cells through endocytosis. This "frustrated infection" mode prevents the virus from forming a replication and transcription complex RTC to transcribe the subgenomic RNA of the virus. Due to the lack of subgenomic RNA, viral structural proteins and viral accessory proteins including ORF6 cannot be expressed, but the pro-inflammatory protein NSP14 can be directly translated through genomic RNA. Because only NSP14 is expressed without ORF6, the inflammatory reaction is further aggravated, and immune cells release a large number of inflammatory factors, triggering a storm of inflammatory factors.

In addition, scientists have also studied other human coronaviruses of Coronaviridae. They found that SARS-CoV-1 triggered a large number of inflammatory reactions through the same molecular mechanism as SARS-CoV-2, and even the ability of its E protein to induce inflammation in immune cells was higher than that of SARS-CoV-2. This explains why the mortality rate of SARS-CoV-1 was as high as 11% when it broke out 20 years ago, far exceeding the current epidemic of SARS-CoV-2.

In contrast, other mild human coronaviruses, such as OC43, NL63 and 229E, have weak binding ability to TLR1, which also explains that their symptoms are usually mild.

This study reveals in detail the complete molecular mechanism of Covid-19 from its early entry into the human body for replication to its late stage, which leads to severe inflammation and death of patients, and provides important theoretical guidance for the treatment of severe COVID-19 patients. At the same time, the study also found that the small molecule inhibitor of TLR1 may be a better choice for the treatment of severe COVID-19 infection.

The Regulations on National Defense Patents are hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of November 1, 2004.

country affaircourtyardtotalLi Wen Jiabao

Jiang Zemin, Chairman of the Central Military Commission

September 17th, 2004

National defense patent regulations

Chapter I General Principles

the first　In order to protect the patent right of inventions related to national defense, ensure state secrets, facilitate the popularization and application of inventions and creations, promote the development of national defense science and technology, and meet the needs of national defense modernization, these Regulations are formulated in accordance with the Patent Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

the second　National defense patent refers to an invention patent that involves national defense interests and has a potential role in national defense construction and needs to be kept confidential.

Article　The national defense patent agency (hereinafter referred to as the national defense patent agency) is responsible for accepting and examining national defense patent applications. If the national defense patent agency considers that it conforms to the provisions of these regulations, the patent administration department of the State Council shall grant the national defense patent right.

The competent department of science, technology and industry for national defense in the State Council and the General Armament Department of China People’s Liberation Army (hereinafter referred to as the General Armament Department) are responsible for the administration of national defense patents in local systems and military systems respectively.

Article 4　Inventions that involve national defense interests or have potential effects on national defense construction and are identified as top secret state secrets shall not apply for national defense patents.

The application for national defense patents and the confidentiality of national defense patents shall be managed in accordance with the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Guarding State Secrets and the relevant provisions of the state before decryption.

Article 5　The term of protection of the national defense patent right is 20 years, counting from the date of application.

Article 6　During the protection period of a national defense patent, if it is necessary to change the classification, decrypt or extend the confidentiality period after the termination of the national defense patent, the national defense patent institution may make a decision to change the classification, decrypt or extend the confidentiality period; However, if it has been determined as a state secret before applying for a national defense patent, it shall obtain the consent of the organ, unit or its superior organ that originally determined the classification and duration of confidentiality.

A unit or individual who has been granted the national defense patent right (hereinafter referred to as the national defense patentee) may submit a written application to the national defense patent institution for changing the classification, decrypting or extending the confidentiality period; If it belongs to a state-owned enterprise, institution or military unit, it shall attach the opinions of the organ, unit or its superior organ that originally determined the classification and duration of confidentiality.

The national defense patent institution shall publish the decision to change the classification, decrypt or extend the confidentiality period in the Internal Bulletin of National Defense Patent published by the institution, and notify the national defense patentee, and at the same time, submit the decrypted national defense patent to the patent administration department of the State Council for conversion into ordinary patent. The patent administration department of the State Council shall promptly announce the decrypted national defense patents to the public.

Article 7　The right to apply for a national defense patent and the national defense patent right may be transferred to domestic China units and individuals upon approval.

The transfer of the right to apply for a national defense patent or a national defense patent right shall ensure that state secrets are not leaked and that national defense and army building are not affected, and a written application shall be submitted to the national defense patent institution, which shall, after preliminary examination, submit it to the competent department of science, technology and industry for national defense and the General Armament Department of the State Council for examination and approval in a timely manner in accordance with the division of responsibilities stipulated in the second paragraph of Article 3 of these regulations.

The competent department of science, technology and industry for national defense of the State Council and the General Armament Department shall make a decision of approval or disapproval within 30 days from the date when the national defense patent institution accepts the application; If a decision of disapproval is made, it shall notify the applicant in writing and explain the reasons.

Where the right to apply for a national defense patent or the national defense patent is transferred upon approval, the parties concerned shall conclude a written contract and register it with the national defense patent institution, which shall publish it in the Internal Bulletin of National Defense Patent. The right to apply for a national defense patent or the transfer of a national defense patent shall take effect as of the date of registration.

Article 8　It is forbidden to transfer the right to apply for a national defense patent and the national defense patent right to foreign units and individuals, as well as foreigners and foreign institutions at home.

Article 9　If it is necessary to entrust a patent agency to apply for a national defense patent and handle other national defense patent affairs, it shall entrust a patent agency designated by the national defense patent agency to handle it. Patent agencies and their staff have the obligation to keep confidential the state secrets they know in the process of handling national defense patent applications and other national defense patent affairs.

Chapter II Application, Examination and Authorization of National Defense Patent

Article 10　To apply for a national defense patent, a request, a specification, its abstract, a patent claim and other documents shall be submitted to the national defense patent institution.

The applicant for a national defense patent shall write an application document in accordance with the requirements and uniform format stipulated by the national defense patent institution, and deliver it in person or by confidential communication and other confidential means to the national defense patent institution, and shall not send it by ordinary mail.

The date when the national defense patent institution receives the national defense patent application documents is the application date; If the application documents are sent by confidential communication, the postmark date shall be the application date.

Article 11　National defense patent agencies regularly send people to the patent administration department of the State Council to check the common patent applications. If it is found that any of them involve national defense interests or have potential effects on national defense construction and need to be kept confidential, it will be converted into a national defense patent application with the consent of the patent administration department of the State Council, and the applicant will be notified.

After an ordinary patent application is converted into a national defense patent application, the national defense patent institution shall examine the national defense patent application in accordance with the relevant provisions of these Regulations.

Article 12　An invention granted a national defense patent right shall be novel, creative and practical.

Novelty means that no identical invention has been published in foreign publications, published in domestic publications, used in China or known to the public in other ways before the application date, and no identical invention has been applied by others and won the national defense patent right after the application date.

Creativity means that compared with the existing technology before the filing date, the invention has outstanding substantive characteristics and remarkable progress.

Practicality means that the invention can be manufactured or used and can produce positive effects.

Article 13　An invention applying for a national defense patent shall not lose its novelty in any of the following circumstances within 6 months before the date of application:

(1) It was exhibited for the first time in an internal exhibition held by the relevant authorities in the State Council and China People’s Liberation Army;

(2) It was first published at an internal academic meeting or technical meeting held by the relevant authorities in the State Council and China People’s Liberation Army;

(3) others disclose the contents of the national defense patent without the consent of the applicant.

In case of any of the circumstances listed in the preceding paragraph, the applicant for a national defense patent shall declare it at the time of application and provide relevant supporting documents within 2 months from the date of application.

Article 14　After reviewing the application for a national defense patent, the national defense patent institution shall notify the applicant for a national defense patent to state his opinions within a specified time limit or make amendments or corrections to his application for a national defense patent; If no reply is made within the time limit without justifiable reasons, the national defense patent application shall be deemed to have been withdrawn.

An applicant for a national defense patent may, within 6 months from the date of application or when replying to the notice of the first examination opinion, voluntarily propose amendments to his national defense patent application.

The applicant shall not modify the application documents for national defense patent beyond the scope recorded in the original specification and claims.

Article 15　After the applicant for a national defense patent states his opinions or makes amendments or corrections to the application for a national defense patent, the national defense patent institution considers that it still does not conform to the provisions of these Regulations, and shall reject it.

Article 16　The national defense patent institution shall set up a national defense patent reexamination board to be responsible for the reexamination and invalidation of national defense patents.

The national defense patent reexamination board is composed of technical experts and legal experts, and its chairman is concurrently the person in charge of the national defense patent institution.

Article 17　If the applicant for a national defense patent refuses to accept the decision of the national defense patent institution to reject the application, he may, within 3 months from the date of receiving the notice, request a review from the National Defense Patent Reexamination Board. After the national defense patent reexamination board reexamines and makes a decision, it shall notify the national defense patent applicant.

Article 18　If an application for a national defense patent is found to have no reason for rejection after examination, or it should not be rejected after reexamination, the patent administration department of the State Council shall make a decision to grant a national defense patent right, entrust a national defense patent institution to issue a national defense patent certificate, and announce the application date, authorization date and patent number of the national defense patent in the patent bulletin published by the patent administration department of the State Council. The national defense patent institution shall register the relevant matters of the national defense patent and publish them in the Internal Bulletin of National Defense Patent.

Article 19　Any unit or individual who believes that the grant of the national defense patent right does not conform to the provisions of these regulations may request the National Defense Patent Reexamination Board to declare the national defense patent right invalid.

Article 20　The national defense patent reexamination board shall, after examining the request for invalidation of the national defense patent right and making a decision, notify the requester and the national defense patentee. The decision to declare the national defense patent invalid shall be registered by the national defense patent institution and published in the Internal Bulletin of National Defense Patent, and the patent administration department of the State Council shall publish it in the patent bulletin.

Chapter III Implementation of National Defense Patents

Article 21　The national defense patent institution shall, within 3 months from the date of granting the national defense patent, send a copy of the relevant documents of the national defense patent to the relevant competent department of the State Council or the relevant competent department of the People’s Liberation Army of China. The department that receives the copy of the document shall put forward written opinions on the implementation of the national defense patent within 4 months and notify the national defense patent institution.

Article 22　The relevant competent departments of the State Council and China People’s Liberation Army may allow their designated units to implement national defense patents in their own systems or departments; Need to specify the implementation of the national defense patent outside the system or the department, it shall submit a written application to the national defense patent institution, which shall report to the competent department of science, technology and industry for national defense of the State Council and the General Armament Department for approval in accordance with the division of responsibilities stipulated in the second paragraph of Article 3 of these regulations.

National defense patent institutions shall register the designated implementation of national defense patents and publish them in the Internal Bulletin of National Defense Patents.

Article 23　The unit that exploits the national defense patent of others shall conclude a written implementation contract with the national defense patentee, pay the fees to the national defense patentee in accordance with the provisions of Article 25 of these regulations, and report to the national defense patent institution for the record. The implementing entity shall not allow any entity other than those stipulated in the contract to exploit the national defense patent.

Article 24　Where a national defense patentee permits a foreign unit or individual to exploit its national defense patent, it shall ensure that state secrets are not leaked and that national defense and army building are not affected, and submit a written application to the national defense patent institution, which shall conduct a preliminary examination and submit it to the competent department of science, technology and industry for national defense and the General Armament Department of the State Council for examination and approval in a timely manner in accordance with the division of responsibilities stipulated in the second paragraph of Article 3 of these regulations.

The competent department of science, technology and industry for national defense of the State Council and the General Armament Department shall make a decision of approval or disapproval within 30 days from the date when the national defense patent institution accepts the application; If a decision of disapproval is made, it shall notify the applicant in writing and explain the reasons.

Article 25　Those who exploit other people’s national defense patents shall pay the national defense patent royalties to the national defense patentee. The implementation of the national defense patent produced by using the national defense research funds directly invested by the state or other national defense funds for scientific research activities conforms to the purpose of using the funds for producing the national defense patent, and only the necessary national defense patent implementation fee may be paid; However, unless otherwise stipulated in the scientific research contract or the scientific research task book.

The fee for the implementation of national defense patents mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to the expenses incurred in the implementation of national defense patents for providing technical information, training personnel and further developing technologies.

Article 26　The amount of the implementation fee or royalty for the designated implementation of the national defense patent shall be determined by the national defense patentee and the implementing unit through consultation; If no agreement can be reached, it shall be decided by the national defense patent agency.

Article 27　The state shall compensate the patentee of national defense. After issuing the national defense patent certificate, the national defense patent institution shall pay the national defense patent compensation fee to the national defense patentee, and the specific amount shall be determined by the national defense patent institution. If it is a service invention, the national defense patentee shall pay not less than 50% of the compensation fee to the inventor.

Chapter IV Administration and Protection of National Defense Patents

Article 28　The Internal Bulletin of National Defense Patent published by the national defense patent institution is a state secret document, and its scope of knowledge is determined by the national defense patent institution.

The internal bulletin of national defense patent published the following contents:

(1) Descriptions recorded in the national defense patent application;

(2) the patent claim for national defense;

(3) an abstract of the description of the invention;

(4) Grant of national defense patent right;

(5) Termination of the national defense patent right;

(6) invalidation of the national defense patent right;

(seven) the transfer of the right to apply for a national defense patent and the national defense patent right;

(8) Designation and implementation of national defense patents;

(nine) the record of the national defense patent licensing contract;

(ten) the change of classification and decryption of national defense patents;

(eleven) the extension of the period of confidentiality of national defense patents;

(12) the change of the name or address of the national defense patentee;

(thirteen) other related matters.

Article 29　After the national defense patent is granted, in any of the following circumstances, with the consent of the national defense patent agency, the national defense patent specification can be consulted:

(1) making a request for invalidation of the national defense patent right;

(two) the need to implement the national defense patent;

(three) the occurrence of national defense patent disputes;

(4) It is necessary for national defense scientific research.

Visitors are obliged to keep confidential the state secrets they know in the process of consulting.

Article 30　The relevant competent departments of the State Council, China People’s Liberation Army and the administrative departments of science, technology and industry for national defense of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall designate an institution to administer the national defense patent work and notify the national defense patent institution. The agency for the administration of national defense patent work is guided by the national defense patent agency in business.

Military units that undertake national defense scientific research and production tasks and participate in military orders, enterprises that perform investor duties in the State Council and institutions directly under the State Council shall designate corresponding institutions to manage the national defense patent work of their own units.

Article 31　At the request of the parties, the national defense patent institution may mediate the following national defense patent disputes:

(1) Disputes over the right to apply for a national defense patent and the ownership of the national defense patent;

(2) Disputes over the qualification of national defense patent inventors;

(3) Disputes over the reward and remuneration of the inventor of a service invention;

(4) Disputes over royalties and implementation fees for national defense patents.

Article 32　Except as otherwise provided in the Patent Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and these Regulations, if a national defense patent is implemented without the permission of the national defense patentee, that is, the national defense patent is infringed and disputes are caused, the parties concerned shall settle them through consultation; Unwilling to negotiate or failing to do so, the national defense patentee or interested party may bring a suit in a people’s court or request the national defense patent institution to handle it.

Article 33　In violation of the provisions of this Ordinance, the disclosure of state secrets shall be handled in accordance with the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Guarding State Secrets and the relevant provisions of the state.

Chapter V Supplementary Provisions

Article 34　To apply for a national defense patent and go through other formalities with the national defense patent institution, the fees shall be paid in accordance with the provisions.

Article 35　The relevant provisions of the Patent Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Patent Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) are applicable to national defense patents, but if there are special provisions in this Ordinance, the provisions of this Ordinance shall prevail.

Article 36　These Regulations shall come into force as of November 1, 2004. On July 30, 1990, the Regulations on National Defense Patents approved by the State Council and the Central Military Commission (CMC) were abolished at the same time.

National Health and Wellness Commission, National Bureau for Disease Control and Prevention on Printing and Distributing

Disease prevention and control institutions, food safety and

Notice of detailed rules for nutrition and health work

Guowei Food Fa [2024] No.29??

All provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, Health and Health Committees of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, CDC, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and National Food Safety Risk Assessment Center:

In order to implement the basic medical and health promotion law, food safety law, infectious disease prevention law and other laws and regulations, implement the food safety strategy, promote the construction of a healthy China, guide local disease prevention and control institutions to fully perform their duties of food safety and nutrition health, and strengthen capacity building, the National Health and Wellness Committee and the National Bureau for Disease Control and Prevention formulated the Detailed Rules for Food Safety and Nutrition Health of Disease Prevention and Control Institutions. Is issued to you, please implement.

National Health Commission

National Administration of Disease Prevention and Control

August 19, 2024

disease prevention and control institutions

Detailed working rules for food safety and nutrition and health

Chapter I General Principles

the first　In order to standardize the food safety and nutrition health work of disease prevention and control institutions, according to the basic medical and health promotion law, food safety law, infectious disease prevention law and other laws and regulations, the "Healthy China 2030" Planning Outline, the National Nutrition Plan (2017-2030) and the management regulations of the National Health and Wellness Commission on food safety risk monitoring, risk assessment, food-borne disease monitoring report, standard management and nutrition-related monitoring, etc.

the second　Under the unified leadership, coordination or entrustment of the health administrative department and the disease control administrative department, local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels undertake food safety risk monitoring, risk assessment, epidemiological investigation of food safety accidents, promulgation and revision of standards, national nutrition plan and reasonable diet action, nutrition health monitoring of different groups, nutrition health cohort survey, food composition monitoring, food consumption survey, total diet research, food safety and nutrition risk exchange and popular science education.

Article　Local health administrative departments at all levels shall evaluate and guide the work, and the disease prevention and control institutions at higher levels shall assist the health administrative departments to strengthen the guidance to the disease prevention and control institutions at lower levels and supervise the implementation of the work. The disease prevention and control institutions at lower levels shall complete the food safety and nutrition and health work arranged by the health administrative department and the disease prevention and control institutions at higher levels as required.

Chapter II Work Contents

Article 4　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions should do a good job in food safety and nutrition and health, including:

(a) to undertake the food safety risk monitoring work in this area, to be responsible for the collection, summary, analysis, quality control and management of monitoring data in this area, and to undertake emergency monitoring tasks;

(2) Undertaking or participating in national and local food safety risk assessment;

(three) to undertake the monitoring of food-borne diseases and the epidemiological investigation and sanitary treatment of food safety accidents;

(four) to undertake or participate in the formulation and revision of national and local food safety standards, food safety standards tracking evaluation, publicity training, guidance and answer, and food enterprise standards filing management and other related work;

(five) to carry out food safety and nutrition publicity and education and health promotion activities, as well as business guidance and training on food safety risk monitoring, food-borne disease prevention and control and nutrition and health work in this area;

(six) the implementation of national and provincial nutrition improvement plans and programs, undertake the national nutrition plan and reasonable diet action to promote the implementation of related tasks, and carry out nutrition-related work such as the construction of nutrition policy standard system, the improvement of nutrition work ability, and the evaluation and improvement of nutrition health status;

(VII) Undertaking tasks related to the construction of nutrition monitoring system and information system, undertaking nutrition health assessment, carrying out nutrition health monitoring of different groups of people, cohort survey and food composition monitoring, and organizing special scientific research on nutrition and health foundation such as nutrient requirement research of residents with regional characteristics;

(eight) to carry out total diet research and food consumption survey;

(nine) to undertake other food safety and nutrition health work designated or assigned by the provincial health administrative department and the superior business organization;

(ten) to carry out guidance and training on food safety, nutrition and health related business work of disease prevention and control institutions at lower levels.

Article 5　Prefecture (city) level disease prevention and control institutions shall do a good job in food safety and nutrition and health, including:

(a) to undertake the food safety risk monitoring work in this area, and to be responsible for the collection, summary, analysis and quality control of monitoring data in this area;

(two) to participate in food safety risk assessment related work, to carry out food safety risk judgment;

(three) to carry out food safety and nutrition publicity and education and health promotion activities;

(four) to undertake the monitoring of food-borne diseases and the epidemiological investigation and sanitary treatment of food safety accidents in this area;

(five) to undertake or participate in the formulation and revision of local food safety standards, the filing management of food enterprise standards, the follow-up evaluation of food safety standards, publicity training, guidance and answers and other related work;

(VI) Implementing nutrition improvement plans and programs, implementing national nutrition plans and rational dietary actions, promoting the implementation of related tasks, participating in the formulation, revision and dissemination of nutrition policy standards, promoting the ability of nutrition work, evaluating and improving nutrition health status, building nutrition information systems, building and promoting nutrition health places, and participating in the investigation and disposal of major nutrition-related events;

(seven) to undertake nutrition monitoring and evaluation, to carry out nutrition and health monitoring of different groups, cohort survey and food composition monitoring, and to carry out special scientific research on nutrition and health of residents with regional characteristics;

(eight) to carry out total diet research and food consumption survey;

(nine) to undertake other food safety and nutrition health work assigned by the health administrative department at the prefecture (city) level and the superior business organization;

(ten) to carry out guidance and training on food safety, nutrition and health related business work of disease prevention and control institutions at lower levels.

Article 6　County (District) level disease prevention and control institutions shall do a good job in food safety and nutrition and health, including:

(a) to undertake the task of food safety risk monitoring, and to be responsible for the collection, summary and analysis of monitoring data in this area;

(two) to undertake the monitoring of food-borne diseases and the epidemiological investigation and sanitary treatment of food safety accidents in this area;

(three) to participate in the formulation and revision of local food safety standards, food enterprise standards filing management, food safety standards publicity training, follow-up evaluation, guidance and answer and other related work;

(four) to carry out publicity, education and promotion activities on food safety and nutrition health;

(5) Implementing nutrition improvement plans and programs, implementing national nutrition plans and rational dietary actions, promoting the implementation of related tasks, participating in the promotion of nutrition policy standards, the improvement of nutrition work ability, the evaluation and improvement of nutrition health status, the construction and promotion of nutrition health places, and participating in the investigation and disposal of major nutrition-related events;

(six) to undertake nutrition monitoring and evaluation and health guidance for residents, organize nutrition education and guidance for urban and rural residents, carry out nutrition health monitoring, cohort survey and food composition monitoring for different groups of people, and participate in the special basic investigation of nutrition;

(seven) to participate in the total diet research and food consumption survey;

(eight) to undertake other food safety and nutrition health work assigned by the county (district) level health administrative department and the superior business organization.

Article 7　Disease prevention and control institutions with national reference laboratories for food safety risk monitoring, national laboratories for etiological identification of food-borne diseases and key laboratories for nutrition and health (including iodine reference laboratories) shall undertake corresponding reference, identification, technical guidance and training.

Chapter III Food Pollution and Harmful FactorsMonitoring and risk assessment

Article 8　Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels shall, according to the food safety risk monitoring plan and monitoring scheme, complete monitoring work such as sampling, testing, data analysis and verification, data reporting, data verification and risk hidden danger report, and carry out corresponding quality management work. The monitoring data of food pollution and harmful factors shall be audited at different levels and reported step by step. If the monitoring results are analyzed and judged to have potential food safety hazards, the health administrative department at the same level and the superior business organization shall be reported in time.

Article 9　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions shall assist in the formulation and implementation of the monitoring plan in this area, undertake sample collection and index detection, and be responsible for the collection, collation, analysis and reporting of information; To carry out the technical capacity confirmation and quality management of the food safety risk monitoring laboratory, and submit the annual analysis summary report and quality management summary report of food safety risk monitoring; Responsible for the technical guidance, training and research of food safety risk monitoring in the area, and the promotion of appropriate technologies.

The disease prevention and control institutions at the prefecture (city) level are responsible for assisting in the formulation and implementation of the monitoring plan in this area; Take charge of sample collection, index detection, data collection, summary, analysis, quality control, prediction and early warning of food pollution and harmful factors monitoring; Responsible for the technical guidance, training and research of food safety risk monitoring in the area, and the promotion of appropriate technologies.

County (district) level disease prevention and control institutions undertake the task of food safety risk monitoring, assist relevant departments to carry out food safety risk monitoring, and mainly undertake the work of sample collection, index detection, data collection, summary, analysis and quality control of food pollution and harmful factors monitoring; Conduct business training for risk monitoring staff.

Article 10　Disease prevention and control institutions undertaking risk monitoring tasks shall timely summarize and analyze food safety monitoring data to support the needs of risk assessment.

Article 11　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions to carry out the following food safety risk assessment and risk judgment related technical support work:

(a) according to the needs of local standards formulation and revision, food safety supervision and risk communication in this area, formulate an assessment plan, report it to the provincial health administrative department and the national competent business organization, carry out food safety risk assessment, and report the risk assessment results to the provincial health administrative department and the national competent business organization in a timely manner;

(2) When analyzing and judging the risk monitoring data, it is found that matters requiring risk assessment need to be carried out, and timely put forward technical opinions to the provincial health administrative department that suggest the country or its jurisdiction to implement risk assessment;

(three) according to the needs of local food safety risk management, with reference to the risk assessment technical guidelines to organize risk judgment;

(four) according to the results of food safety risk assessment of the country or its jurisdiction, combined with the pollution level and dietary characteristics of its jurisdiction, put forward suggestions on food safety risk management;

(five) responsible for the technical guidance, training and appropriate technology promotion of food safety risk assessment in this area;

(six) according to the needs of national and provincial risk assessment, to carry out food consumption survey, total diet research, food toxicology research, etc., to establish the work database in this area.

Article 12　Prefecture (city) level disease prevention and control institutions shall undertake the collection, summary, analysis, prediction and early warning of relevant data and information on risk assessment in their respective jurisdictions; County (district) level disease prevention and control institutions shall assist in collecting data and information related to food safety risk assessment according to the arrangement of superior business institutions.

Article 13　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions shall undertake the national food safety risk assessment task entrusted by the national competent business institutions, formulate the assessment technical scheme according to the characteristics of the assessment project, complete the risk assessment report within the prescribed time limit, and put forward risk management suggestions.

Chapter IV Food-borne Disease Monitoring Report andEpidemiological investigation of food safety accidents

Article 14　Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels shall, jointly with medical institutions, monitor, investigate and report food-borne diseases in their respective jurisdictions.

Article 15　Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels should establish a food-borne disease monitoring report management system, and determine the departments and personnel responsible for the food-borne disease monitoring report; To be responsible for reviewing, summarizing, analyzing and reporting the monitoring information submitted by medical institutions undertaking food-borne disease monitoring in this area; When food-borne clustering cases that may be related to food production and operation are found, they shall promptly report to the health administrative department at the same level and the superior business institutions (among them, the provincial disease prevention and control institutions report to the National Food Safety Risk Assessment Center).

Article 16　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions should assist in formulating and organizing the implementation of food-borne disease monitoring programs in their respective jurisdictions according to the national food-borne disease monitoring plan, and build a provincial food-borne disease monitoring traceability platform and database; To undertake and guide the laboratory inspection, result review and quality control of molecular typing and drug sensitivity test of bacteria (virus) strains in the jurisdiction; To undertake the identification, verification and reporting of food-borne cluster cases across the jurisdiction; Regularly analyze the basic situation of food-borne diseases in the jurisdiction and draft an annual analysis summary report; To carry out the guidance, training, research and popularization of food-borne disease monitoring and prevention and control technology in the jurisdiction.

Article 17　Prefecture (city) level disease prevention and control institutions are responsible for the implementation of food-borne disease monitoring programs in their respective jurisdictions, undertake the review of bacterial (virus) strains submitted by county (district) level disease prevention and control institutions and medical institutions, and carry out laboratory tests and analysis such as molecular typing and drug sensitivity testing; To undertake the identification, verification and reporting of food-borne cluster cases across counties (districts) in the jurisdiction; Carry out technical guidance, training and promotion of food-borne disease prevention and control technology to disease prevention and control institutions and medical institutions at the county (district) level in the jurisdiction.

Article 18　County (district) level disease prevention and control institutions shall be responsible for the implementation of food-borne disease monitoring programs in their respective jurisdictions, and undertake the collection, submission and specimen inspection of isolated bacteria (virus) strains in medical institutions in their respective jurisdictions; To undertake the identification, verification and reporting of food-borne clustering cases in the jurisdiction; Provide technical guidance and training to medical institutions in the jurisdiction.

Article 19　The principle of territorial management and graded responsibility shall be implemented in the monitoring and reporting of food-borne diseases. Food-borne disease monitoring information, laboratory test data and investigation reports shall be reviewed and reported at different levels as required.

Article 20　When information related to food safety is found in handling infectious diseases or other public health emergencies, food-borne diseases or food safety risk information shall be reported to the health administrative department at the same level and the superior business institutions in a timely manner.

Article 21　Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels shall, in accordance with laws, regulations and relevant provisions, and in accordance with the requirements of the health administrative department at the same level, organize on-site health treatment and epidemiological investigation of food safety accidents, as well as training, drills, evaluation and research on the above work. Where the relevant food safety supervision and management departments need to cooperate in controlling the site and preserving samples, the disease prevention and control institutions shall report to the health administrative department at the same level for coordination.

Article 22　Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels shall, after the epidemiological investigation of food safety accidents is completed, submit an epidemiological investigation report to the food supervision and administration department and the health administrative department at the same level. If it is an outbreak of food-borne diseases, it shall report the epidemiological investigation information through the national food-borne disease outbreak monitoring system within 7 working days after the end of the investigation. To meet the requirements of public health emergencies related information reporting, according to the provisions of the disease prevention and control information system for network direct reporting.

Chapter V Technical Management of Food Safety Standards

Article 23　In accordance with the provisions of the "Three Decisions", local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels that have corresponding responsibilities or are entrusted by the health administrative department, in combination with the actual work of local disease prevention and control institutions, carry out technical management of local food safety standards, filing management of food enterprise standards, follow-up evaluation of food safety standards, training and guidance on food safety standards, and other related work.

Provincial disease prevention and control institutions undertake the technical management of local food safety standards, the filing management of food enterprise standards, the follow-up evaluation of food safety standards, the training and guidance of food safety standards, and undertake other tasks related to food safety standards assigned by provincial health administrative departments and superior business institutions.

The disease prevention and control institutions at the prefecture (city) level shall undertake or participate in the formulation and revision of local food safety standards, the filing management of food enterprise standards, the follow-up evaluation of food safety standards, the training and guidance of food safety standards, and undertake other tasks related to food safety standards assigned by the health administrative department at the prefecture (city) level and the superior business institutions.

County (district) level disease prevention and control institutions participate in the formulation and revision of local food safety standards, the filing management of food enterprise standards, the follow-up evaluation of food safety standards, the training and guidance of food safety standards, and undertake other tasks related to food safety standards assigned by county (district) level health administrative departments and superior business institutions.

Article 24　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions participate in the formulation of local standards for food safety; Organize the implementation of local food safety standards project, public consultation, review, approval, filing and other technical management work; Timely release information on local food safety standards. To undertake the daily management responsibilities of the secretariat or secretariat office of the expert committee for the evaluation of local food safety standards, improve the management system, standardize the work flow, and organize the evaluation of local food safety standards. Disease prevention and control institutions at prefecture (city) and county (district) levels participate in soliciting opinions on local food safety standards, consulting on standards and other related work.

Article 25　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions, under the management of the health administrative department at the same level, participate in the formulation of the food enterprise standard filing management system and clarify the filing process and other requirements; Establish a filing information disclosure mechanism, and timely publish the filed standard information on relevant platforms for social supervision; Strengthen the standard technical service of food enterprises, and carry out filing consultation and post-filing management. The disease prevention and control institutions at the prefecture (city) and county (district) levels shall undertake or assist the provincial level to carry out the filing work of food enterprise standards and provide filing consulting services according to the needs of the work.

Article 26　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions shall organize the follow-up evaluation of national and local standards for food safety, draw up a work plan or plan for the follow-up evaluation of national and local standards for food safety in their respective jurisdictions according to the work plan for the follow-up evaluation of national standards for food safety, and report it to the health administrative department at the same level for approval and organize its implementation. Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels shall, in accordance with the requirements of the national and provincial food safety standards follow-up evaluation work plan or plan, organize the follow-up evaluation of food safety standards and complete various follow-up evaluation tasks. Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels should strengthen coordination, combine the task of tracking and evaluating food safety standards with the implementation of food safety risk monitoring programs in their respective jurisdictions, reflect the implementation of standards through monitoring data, and provide scientific basis for timely revision of food safety standards. Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels shall timely grasp the implementation of food safety standards, scientifically analyze the problems existing in the implementation of food safety standards, put forward opinions and suggestions to solve the problems, and report the follow-up evaluation work to the health administrative department at the same level and the superior business institutions.

Article 27　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions undertake or participate in the formulation of food safety standards publicity and training work plan, strengthen the information construction of food safety standards, and provide services such as food safety standards inquiry, publicity and exchange. The disease prevention and control institutions at the prefecture (city) and county (district) levels shall, according to the work requirements of the health administrative department at the same level and the publicity and training work plan of the superior business organization, formulate the implementation plan for the publicity and training of food safety standards at the same level and carry out related work.

Chapter VI National Nutrition PlanAnd reasonable diet action.

Article 28　Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels shall, under the leadership of the health administrative department at the same level, undertake the relevant tasks of promoting the implementation of the national nutrition plan and reasonable dietary action in their respective areas.

Article 29　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions are responsible for promoting the implementation of the national nutrition plan and reasonable dietary action in their respective jurisdictions, strengthening the construction of nutrition and health standard system, improving nutrition work ability, evaluating and improving nutrition and health status, and carrying out related work such as the construction of nutrition and health information system, the construction and promotion of nutrition and health places, the guidance of nutrition and health work, the quality control of nutrition instructor training and the investigation and handling of major nutrition-related events.

Article 30　The disease prevention and control institutions at the prefecture (city) level are responsible for promoting the implementation of the national nutrition plan and reasonable diet action in their respective areas, strengthening the improvement of nutrition work ability, the evaluation and improvement of nutrition and health status, and carrying out related work such as the construction of nutrition and health information system, the construction and promotion of nutrition and health places, the guidance and consultation of nutrition and health work, and the investigation and handling of major nutrition-related events.

Article 31　County (district) level disease prevention and control institutions are responsible for promoting the implementation of the national nutrition plan and reasonable diet action in their respective jurisdictions, strengthening the improvement of nutrition work ability, evaluation and improvement of nutrition and health status, and carrying out related work such as the construction of nutrition and health places, guidance and consultation on nutrition and health work, and investigation and handling of major nutrition-related events.

Chapter VII Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation

Article 32　Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels shall carry out their work according to the requirements of the project work plan for nutrition and health monitoring, cohort survey and food composition monitoring of different populations organized by the relevant competent departments of the National Health and Wellness Commission, and strictly implement quality control. Use the information platform to complete data collection, reporting and analysis in time, and regularly submit work reports to the health administrative department at the same level.

Article 33　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions shall formulate implementation plans and work requirements for nutrition and health monitoring, cohort investigation and food composition monitoring of different populations in their respective jurisdictions, be responsible for personnel training, organization and implementation, evaluation and quality control, and complete corresponding tasks. Participate in or undertake basic scientific research and appropriate technology promotion of nutrition health monitoring and evaluation.

Article 34　Prefecture (city) level disease prevention and control institutions to implement the on-site investigation, technical guidance, quality control and on-site staff training of residents’ nutritional health monitoring and evaluation in this area, and review and analyze the data; Implement the monitoring of food ingredients in the jurisdiction, and participate in the investigation of food resources, the collection of monitoring samples and the laboratory tests undertaken; Participate in basic scientific research on nutrition health monitoring and evaluation and the promotion of appropriate technologies.

Article 35　County (district) level disease prevention and control institutions shall set up working groups for nutritional health assessment of different groups of people, train investigators, cooperate with relevant departments to implement on-site investigation of nutritional health monitoring and assessment of residents in their respective jurisdictions, organize laboratory testing, strictly implement quality control, and implement food resource investigation, sample collection and index monitoring within their respective jurisdictions. Use information platform to input and report data in time, feedback survey results in time, and standardize the management of original monitoring and evaluation data.

Article 36　Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels should regularly form reports on the monitoring and evaluation of nutrition and health of residents in different regions and the monitoring of food composition, analyze and evaluate the nutrition and health status and food composition characteristics of residents in their jurisdictions, submit them to the health administrative department at the same level and relevant government departments, and submit them to the superior business institutions.

Article 37　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions shall undertake the national nutrition and health assessment task entrusted by the national competent business institutions, formulate the assessment technical scheme according to the characteristics of the assessment project, organize and carry out the research on the dietary nutrient requirements of residents with regional characteristics, provide technical support for scientific assessment, complete the monitoring and evaluation report within the prescribed time limit, and put forward suggestions on nutrition and health management.

Chapter VIII Food Safety and Nutrition and HealthScience popularization and health promotion work

Article 38　Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels should carry out the popularization and dissemination of standard knowledge and food-borne disease prevention and control knowledge, the communication of food safety risk assessment results, risk exchange and nutrition and health-related popular science propaganda work in accordance with the technical guidelines for food safety risk communication of the National Health and Wellness Commission and the requirements for food safety and nutrition and health publicity.

Article 39　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions shall be responsible for formulating provincial food safety and nutrition science popularization and health promotion work plans or programs and organizing their implementation; Carry out popular science education and dietary guidance on food safety and nutrition health, and set up a popular science education team at the same level; To be responsible for the formulation, organization and implementation of the provincial plan for the investigation of residents’ awareness rate of nutrition and health knowledge, and to carry out training, data collation and reporting; Construct the communication system of food safety and nutrition risk in this area, set up and train professional talents, and do a good job in communication and training.

Prefecture (city) level disease prevention and control institutions shall be responsible for formulating municipal food safety and nutrition science education and health promotion work plans or programs and organizing their implementation; Carry out popular science education on food safety and nutrition and health, and set up a popular science education team at the same level; Responsible for the formulation, organization and implementation of the municipal plan for the investigation of residents’ nutrition and health knowledge, and carry out training, data collation and reporting.

County (district) level disease prevention and control institutions shall, in accordance with the work plan of food safety and nutrition science education and health promotion, carry out food safety and nutrition health science education and set up a science education team at the same level; To investigate the awareness rate of residents’ nutrition and health knowledge.

Article 40　Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels should pay attention to food safety and nutrition public opinion, collect information related to food safety and nutrition, analyze and judge, and report to the health administrative department at the same level in time and put forward opinions and suggestions.

Chapter IX Laboratory Capacity Building and Management

Article 41　In accordance with the relevant national laws and regulations, local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels set up professional laboratories matching their inspection functions, equipped with necessary personnel and equipment to ensure operating conditions, and provide technical support for food safety and nutrition health work within their respective jurisdictions and timely response to major food safety and nutrition accidents.

Article 42　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions are equipped according to local actual conditions and regional characteristics, and have the inspection ability of corresponding food physical and chemical, radiation, microorganism and certain toxicological indicators specified in the national food safety risk monitoring plan and food safety standards; It has a high level of inspection ability related to the epidemiological investigation of food-borne diseases, and can investigate, identify and trace the causes of unexplained food-borne diseases; It can provide technical guidance for lower-level disease prevention and control institutions and medical institutions in this area.

Article 43　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions shall organize and carry out the comparison of inspection technical capabilities of food safety-related technical institutions in their respective jurisdictions. Should have the ability of laboratory testing related to nutrition and health monitoring and evaluation of human biochemical indicators and physical and chemical indicators of food components.

Article 44　The disease prevention and control institutions at the prefecture (city) level shall have the ability to test the physical, chemical and microbial indexes of common foods specified in the national food safety risk monitoring plan and food safety standards; Should have nutrition and health monitoring and evaluation of common human biochemical indicators and physical and chemical indicators of food ingredients related laboratory testing capabilities; It has the general inspection ability related to the epidemiological investigation of food-borne diseases, and can screen and identify the causes of outbreaks of important food-borne diseases, and conduct drug resistance detection and molecular typing of food-borne pathogens; It can provide technical guidance for county (district) level disease prevention and control institutions and medical institutions in this area.

Article 45　County (district) level disease prevention and control institutions should have the ability to solve the physical and chemical and microbial problems of common foods in the region; Being able to test the routine indicators specified in the national food safety risk monitoring plan; It has the basic inspection ability of food-borne disease epidemiological investigation, can collect samples and screen the causes of food-borne disease outbreaks, and can inspect and identify common food-borne pathogens; Can provide technical guidance for medical institutions in this area.

Article 46　Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels shall establish their own food safety and quality management system and ensure its effective operation, and participate in the quality control assessment and comparison organized by superior business institutions as required. The superior business institutions regularly carry out technical training and result verification, quality control assessment, technical supervision and other quality evaluation work for the subordinate institutions. Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels should establish and improve the biosafety management system of their pathogenic microorganism laboratories, regularly check the implementation of the biosafety management system of laboratories, strengthen personnel training, and ensure the biosafety of laboratories. Newly-built laboratories, if there are pathogenic microorganism projects, shall be approved or put on record according to law.

Article 47　The national reference laboratory for food safety risk monitoring, the national laboratory for etiological identification of food-borne diseases and the iodine reference laboratory shall carry out inspection method development and technical training activities; Develop quality control products; Regularly organize the comparison of quality control assessment and result verification; Organize technical supervision and work quality evaluation of institutions undertaking tasks in related fields.

Chapter X Safeguard Measures

Article 48　Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels shall, according to their responsibilities, tasks, geographical location, serving population and other factors, rationally allocate corresponding professional and management personnel, and equip them with instruments and equipment suitable for their work functions. Local health administrative departments at all levels should provide support and guarantee for disease prevention and control institutions to carry out food safety and nutrition and health work, ensure that local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels perform their duties smoothly, and ensure the smooth development of food safety and nutrition and health work.

Article 49　Provincial disease prevention and control institutions shall set up an expert group composed of professionals related to food safety and nutrition and health, such as nutrition and food hygiene, epidemiology, food inspection, radiation hygiene, health education, toxicology, etc., to undertake professional training, business guidance, social consultation, publicity and education, etc. Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels shall, according to the needs of work, formulate plans for personnel training and team building of food safety and nutrition health, strengthen education and training, and continuously improve the political quality and professional level of food safety and nutrition health staff.

Article 50　Epidemiological investigators of food safety accidents are responsible for carrying out epidemiological investigations of food-borne diseases, and can enter relevant edible agricultural products cultivation and breeding places, food production and business premises and collective feeding and dining units to collect samples and collect relevant data according to law.

Article 51　Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels shall, under the organization and coordination of the health administrative department at the same level, establish a smooth and effective linkage mechanism between food safety and nutrition and health with all relevant units, and hold regular work consultations.

Article 52　Local disease prevention and control institutions at all levels shall establish and improve the evaluation system of food safety and nutrition health, and organize the investigation of food safety and nutrition health in a timely manner.

Chapter XI Supplementary Provisions

Article 53　The provincial health administrative department may, according to the actual work, formulate and implement the specific provisions of these rules in conjunction with the disease control administrative department.

Article 54　These rules shall come into force as of the date of promulgation.

Schedule: 1. Suggested list of laboratory instruments and equipment.

　　　2. Suggested list of on-site equipment for nutrition investigation

(The above schedule is omitted, please visit the website of the National Health and Wellness Commission for details.)

　　[Technology] Cars have become an indispensable part of our lives. The combination of steering wheel+shift lever+pedal seems to have become a natural way to control cars, but their respective mechanisms are rarely understood. Take the steering wheel in our hands as an example, the majority of riders are still vague about the common concepts of various steering systems, such as "the difference with hydraulic power" and "what is the variable power", and so on. Below, we will systematically introduce various common steering systems, answer these questions, and discuss the mysteries and mysteries of various steering systems with you.

　

　　Because of the long space, this paper introduces our most common system now, interprets "where does the power come from" and introduces the classification of power steering system.

　　Power steering, as its name implies, is to resist steering resistance by increasing external force, so that drivers can complete steering with less force. It is also called power steering. It was originally designed to make some large vehicles with heavy weight operate more easily, but now it has become very popular. It makes driving easier and easier, and makes vehicles more agile and improves safety to some extent. Power steering can be divided into two categories according to the different sources of power-hydraulic power and electric power.

●

　　The origin of hydraulic power steering can be traced back to February, 1902. Frederick W. Lanchester of Britain invented "Cause the steering mechanism to be actuated by hydraulic power", that is, the hydraulic driving steering mechanism. After that, inventors in the United States and Canada successively registered patents for similar inventions. In automobile production, the commercial production of hydraulic power steering system was first realized, and it was named Hydraguide hydraulic steering system, and it was installed on Chrysler’s sixth generation Imperial in 1951. With the development of technology, the steering system with electronic pump instead of mechanical pump appears, so the current hydraulic power is mainly divided into mechanical hydraulic power and electronic hydraulic power. In addition, the electronic servo hydraulic power steering system is derived from the mechanical hydraulic power.

　

　　Let’s look at the main principle of mechanical hydraulic power steering, which is based on mechanical rack-and-pinion steering mechanism, and adds a whole set of hydraulic system, including liquid storage tank, hydraulic booster pump, mechanical valve connected with steering column, hydraulic cylinder on steering mechanism and the one that can push steering rod, etc.

　　The hydraulic pump provided by mechanical power steering is driven by a belt, which means that the steering pump can only run when the engine is running, which is why the steering wheel power disappears after the engine is turned off. On the steering machine, there is a mechanical valve that can rotate with the steering column. When the steering wheel does not rotate left and right, the pressure in the chambers on both sides of the piston is consistent and in a balanced state. When the steering wheel rotates, the mechanical valve connected to the steering column will be opened or closed accordingly, and the oil on one side will return directly to the oil storage tank without passing through the hydraulic cylinder, and the oil on the other side will continue to be injected into the hydraulic cylinder, so that the pressure difference between the two sides of the piston will be pushed under the action of hydraulic force, and then the auxiliary force will be generated to push the steering rod to steer the wheels, which greatly reduces the force required for us to turn the steering wheel.

　　Another advantage of hydraulic power steering system is to improve comfort and safety. When the wheels jump violently and the tires turn involuntarily when encountering potholes, the vibration can be well buffered and absorbed by the action of hydraulic pressure on the piston, which greatly reduces the vibration transmitted to the steering wheel. At the same time, this structure also improves the safety. For example, when a vehicle using the traditional rack-and-pinion mechanism turns, the tire suddenly changes direction when it encounters a pothole, and the rack will drive the gear to reverse the steering wheel, resulting in the situation of "beater", which is easy to hurt the driver’s hand, so there will be no such problem in a hydraulically assisted vehicle.

　　Mechanical hydraulic booster features:The whole system is a mechanical structure, from the mechanical hydraulic pump driven by the belt to the hydraulic mechanical valve body on the steering column, without any electronic system, with mature and stable technology, high reliability and wide application range. Even if the hydraulic system of the vehicle fails and loses power, it can still rely on the traditional rack and pinion mechanism for steering. Disadvantages are complex structure, large space occupation and high manufacturing cost, which also makes the maintenance difficult and costly. And because the hydraulic pump is driven by the engine belt, it will consume part of the power of the engine, which will affect the fuel economy and the power of the vehicle, especially for small-displacement vehicles with relatively weak power. In addition, the strength of the mechanical hydraulic power-assisted system is not adjustable, so it is difficult to take into account the different requirements for pointing accuracy when driving at low speed and high speed.

● Electro-hydraulic booster

　　The so-called Electro-hydraulic power steering (EHPS for short) has exactly the same principle as mechanical hydraulic power steering, but the biggest difference from mechanical hydraulic power steering is that instead of using a hydraulic pump driven by an engine through a belt, it is replaced by an electric pump.

　　The advantages of electro-hydraulic power assist are firstly reflected in energy consumption. First, the electronic pump driven by electric energy uses the electric energy output by the generator and the battery, and no longer consumes the power of the engine itself. The start and stop of the electronic pump are all controlled by the electronic system. When it is not steering, the electronic pump is turned off, unlike the mechanical hydraulic power assist pump, which is always linked with the engine, further reducing energy consumption.

　　Secondly, the electronic control unit of the electro-hydraulic power steering system can change the power of steering assistance by processing the information of sensors such as speed sensor, lateral acceleration sensor and steering angle sensor, and changing the flow rate of the electronic pump in real time, that is, the function of variable power assistance with speed. Of course, it is not only the electro-hydraulic power assist that can realize the variable power assist with speed. We will introduce various "variable" power assist steering systems in detail in later articles.

　　Electro-hydraulic power assist has been gradually popularized since the late 1990s, and brands such as,,,,, and have models using electro-hydraulic power assist system. We are familiar with, and other models use such a system.

"Triumph, old models and other models use electro-hydraulic power."

　　Why can’t electro-hydraulic assist replace mechanical hydraulic assist?

　　No matter from the aspects of technology, function or economy, electro-hydraulic power assistance has more advantages than mechanical hydraulic power assistance. However, at present, electro-hydraulic power assistance has not been able to replace mechanical hydraulic power assistance for the following reasons:

　　1. The cost of electro-hydraulic booster is higher. Compared with the mechanical hydraulic power-assisted system, after adding the electronic control system and replacing it with the electronic pump, the manufacturing cost of electronic hydraulic power-assisted system is higher, the technology is more complicated, and the difficulty and cost of maintenance are also increased.

　　2. The reliability is not as good as that of mechanical hydraulic booster. In addition to the failure of steering mechanism and hydraulic mechanism, electro-hydraulic power assist also increases the possibility of electrical system failure, so its reliability is not as good as that of traditional hydraulic power assist system.

　　3. The assistance is limited. Although the use of electronic pump has obvious advantages, it needs to be driven by the electric energy of the generator, and the vehicle-mounted generator itself and the maximum current it can provide are limited, so the power of the electronic pump is also limited, and the load it can carry is also limited. Therefore, at present, most of the models that use electro-hydraulic power are medium-sized vehicles. For vehicles that need greater assistance, the electro-hydraulic assistance system is beyond the reach.

　　4. Evolved mechanical hydraulic booster system. With the development of technology, the variable speed function of electro-hydraulic power-assisted system has been realized on the evolved mechanical hydraulic power-assisted system (using solenoid valve body technology), and even a variable speed ratio system has been derived from the mechanical hydraulic power-assisted steering system, so the mechanical hydraulic power-assisted system with higher reliability and load-bearing capacity is still welcomed by manufacturers.

The extinction at the end of Permian 252 million years ago caused the extinction of about 81% marine species and 89% terrestrial species. The main reason is believed to be the environmental change caused by large-scale volcanic eruption, but there is still no direct evidence that environmental factors affect terrestrial ecosystems. In cooperation with foreign counterparts, researchers in China discovered the direct evidence that the destruction of the ozone layer led to the extinction of terrestrial life at the end of Permian by studying the changes of "sunscreen" content in fossil pollen grains during this period.

The research results were published online in the internationally renowned journal Science Advances on January 6, 2023.

Black shale at the end of Permian in Qubu section of southern Tibet. Photo courtesy of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, CAS

Pollen fossils found in Permian-Triassic transitional strata in Qubu section. Photo courtesy of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, CAS

Volcanic eruption led to mass extinction of land? There was a lack of direct evidence

The extinction event at the end of Permian was the largest extinction event in Phanerozoic. Scientists generally believe that the increase of global greenhouse gases caused by the eruption of Siberian igneous province at the end of Permian, global warming and ocean acidification may be the main causes of this extinction. However, there are still many debates about how these environmental factors affect terrestrial ecosystems.

Some palynologists have found some deformed spores and pollen in the continental Permian-Triassic transition section. It is speculated that these deformed spores or pollen may be caused by the increase of ultraviolet radiation induced by the destruction of the global ozone layer caused by halogen elements ejected from the Siberian igneous province. However, the study of abnormal spores and pollen produced in modern plants shows that the environmental background of these abnormal pollen and spores is very complicated, and drought, air pollution and plant trauma may all induce abnormal spores or pollen to be produced in plants. Therefore, the discovery of a small number of abnormal spores and pollen in the continental Permian-Triassic transition section cannot directly prove that there was an increase in ultraviolet radiation caused by the global ozone hole during the extinction at the end of Permian.

Using the content of "sunscreen" to deduce the intensity of atmospheric ultraviolet radiation

Plants need sunlight for photosynthesis to provide energy for plant growth, but at the same time, it is necessary to avoid the damage of harmful ultraviolet rays in sunlight to genetic information in plants, especially in plant reproductive cells (spores and pollen). In order to adapt to the terrestrial radiation environment, terrestrial plants have evolved some regulatory mechanisms to reduce the damage of ultraviolet rays to plants. In the germ cells of plants, this mechanism is manifested in that there are a large number of compounds-coumaric acid and ferulic acid-in the outer walls of plant spores and pollen, which are very similar in function to "sunscreen cream". These compounds can form resonance-stable phenol free radicals and resist the oxidation caused by ultraviolet rays, thus protecting fragile spores and pollen and providing guarantee for the spread and reproduction of terrestrial plants.

Modern botanists have observed that plants can automatically adjust the content of "sunscreen" on the outer wall of their germ cells according to the surrounding ultraviolet radiation environment, and these "sunscreen" can be stored in the outer wall of inert spores and pollen for a long time. Therefore, in theory, researchers can determine the content of "sunscreen" in these spores and pollen, and deduce the intensity of atmospheric ultraviolet radiation in geological history.

"Sunscreen" is difficult to digest and has low nutrition, or leads to the extinction of insects.

According to Liu Feng, a researcher at Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the research team quantitatively measured coumaric acid and ferulic acid in 1011 pollen grains from Permian-Triassic transition section in southern Tibet, China. Through the big data analysis of infrared spectra produced by these pollen, the research team found that during the extinction at the end of Permian, the contents of coumaric acid and ferulic acid in the outer wall of pollen in the stratum were significantly higher than those in fossil pollen before and after extinction, which directly proved that there was an increase in global ultraviolet radiation during the extinction at the end of Permian.

The increase of ultraviolet radiation in the air has a far-reaching impact on the whole terrestrial ecosystem. Because ultraviolet rays not only have a strong killing effect on plant germ cells, but also cause damage to plant mesophyll cells. In order to resist the damage of ultraviolet rays to mesophyll cells, plants will synthesize lutein, coumaric acid and ferulic acid in their leaves, which will reduce the synthesis of chlorophyll accordingly, leading to the weakening of photosynthesis of plants, which will further weaken the absorption capacity of plants for greenhouse gases, further aggravating the global greenhouse gas increase caused by volcanic eruption at the end of Permian.

In addition, lutein, coumaric acid and ferulic acid in mesophyll are compounds that are difficult to digest and have low nutritional value for herbivores and insects, so the increase of ultraviolet radiation indirectly affects the terrestrial food chain, which may be the main reason for the extinction of terrestrial herbivores and insects at the end of Permian.

Beijing News reporter Zhang Lu

Editor Liu Qianxian proofreads Wu Xingfa.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, October 8 (Reporter Gao Jing) During the National Day holiday this year, Gao Lei, who works in Beijing, found that his hometown had changed a lot when he went home to visit relatives. Gaoyang County, Baoding City, Hebei Province, where his hometown is located, is undergoing the transformation from coal to gas. Gao Lei saw that the small coal-fired boiler used for heating in winter at home disappeared, and the kitchen was newly connected with natural gas pipelines and installed with wall-hung boilers. The home looked much cleaner and brighter than before.

　　Replacing loose coal by changing gas and electricity is one of the important measures to control air pollution in northern China.

　　Since the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan", China’s air pollution control has achieved remarkable results. According to the data from the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, compared with 2015, the average annual concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in cities at or above the prefecture level fell by 23.1% in 2019, and the proportion of excellent days in 337 cities at or above the prefecture level reached 82%.

　　In the closing year, the achievements of the blue sky defense war were even more eye-catching. From January to August this year, the average number of excellent days in 337 cities at or above the prefecture level was 86.7%, up 5 percentage points year-on-year; The concentration of PM2.5 was 31 μ g/m3, down 11.4% year-on-year. Good weather with blue sky and white clouds is becoming the norm.

　　Behind more and more blue sky is a series of "combination boxing" that China has played to control air pollution. In recent years, China’s air pollution control work has been closely focused on key areas such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas, the Yangtze River Delta region, and the Fenwei Plain, focusing on key pollutants such as PM2.5, focusing on key periods in autumn and winter, and key areas such as loose coal combustion and "scattered pollution" enterprises, and continuing to implement tough actions.

　　The pilot cities of clean heating in the northern region will achieve full coverage of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas and Fenwei Plain; 86% of coal-fired power units have achieved ultra-low emissions, and about 780 million tons of crude steel production capacity has been transformed into ultra-low emissions; Carry out in-depth rectification of "scattered pollution" enterprises, industrial furnaces and key industries to control volatile organic compounds; Strengthen the pollution control of diesel trucks and vigorously promote the "revolving iron"; Deepen the joint prevention and control of air pollution in key areas and strengthen the response to heavy pollution weather.

　　"The nearby village used natural gas for heating last year, which is said to be clean and warm." Gao Lei said that he believes that after coal is changed to gas, there will be more blue sky and less smog in winter.

　　CCTV News:On the afternoon of April 8, the State Council held a press conference on the traceability research of COVID-19 in China.

　　At the press conference, a reporter asked: What kind of cooperation plan will China have with the international community in the future regarding the investigation and research on traceability? Are there any specific international cooperation arrangements or plans?

　　Zhou Lei, a researcher at China CDC, responded that Covid-19’s traceability is not a matter for one country, nor can it be accomplished independently by one country. It necessarily requires the joint efforts of the global scientific community. Therefore, it is imperative for the whole world to unite, especially for scientists to work together to carry out traceability, which is also necessary and what we have always advocated. We are adhering to an open, objective, scientific and open attitude to cooperate with WHO. We have also invited international experts many times. For example, since 2020, we have invited at least two international experts to China to carry out traceability research. I think this will not change in the future, which is certain.

　　In fact, just now, several of my colleagues have repeatedly mentioned that the first phase of our joint research cooperated with more than 10 international colleagues and top international experts selected by WHO to carry out joint research work, and formed a particularly detailed joint research report for joint release. This is an attitude in itself, and this is our research result. After that, we didn’t stop our research work, and our expectation and efforts to trace the source never stopped. A large number of research results and data we carried out in the later period were shared with our international counterparts in various forms without reservation. We published many scientific papers, shared our sequences and shared our data and information in multiple databases. In addition, we supported the decision of WHO to conduct global joint traceability. We sent experts to collect more data and information, and we have been doing what China can do. In fact, we very, very much hope that global traceability can really become a global traceability. We have repeatedly called for the location and angle of traceability research to cover all possible countries and regions as much as possible, and we should stop speculating and paying attention to Wuhan all the time. We have done a lot of work in this regard, and I have reiterated this many times. China’s attitude has never changed. Traceability research should be an international action. We also very much hope that WHO is an authoritative professional organization and international organization, which can really organize the global traceability work and organize all the elites in the international scientific community with a scientific, rigorous and fair attitude.Let us trace back to Covid-19 and get a convincing answer in the future.

　　The Beijing Municipal Health and Health Commission, the Municipal Education Commission and the Municipal People’s Social Security Bureau jointly released the work plan for influenza vaccination in Beijing in 2022. The influenza vaccination work in this city will be implemented in batches in mid-September, and the free vaccination work is initially scheduled to end at the end of November.

　　Free influenza vaccination population is — —

　　Older people over the age of 60 with the city’s resident ID card/social security card;

　　All primary and secondary school students (including domestic and foreign students in primary schools, general middle schools, technical secondary schools, vocational high schools, technical colleges, reform schools and special education schools);

　　Emergency support personnel for major activities identified by the health administrative departments of all districts (including frontline personnel for epidemic prevention and control in COVID-19).

　　Routine immunization clinics in all districts are responsible for providing self-funded and free influenza vaccination services, and actively organizing qualified medical institutions and medical personnel within their respective jurisdictions to provide self-funded influenza vaccination services. In areas with large vaccination needs, at least one qualified secondary and above medical institution should be organized to provide vaccination services during this year’s influenza vaccination. Choose suitable places in each district to set up temporary inoculation points reasonably, and when necessary, open temporary inoculation points of COVID-19 vaccine to meet the population’s centralized inoculation demand. Each district should take various measures to further improve the vaccination service capacity in its jurisdiction, such as setting up district-level mobile vaccination teams, extending the vaccination time of vaccination clinics, setting up weekend clinics, and encouraging physical examination centers to set up vaccination clinics.

　　In 2022, the city will further promote the influenza vaccine appointment vaccination system under the situation of epidemic prevention and control in COVID-19. Each district is responsible for organizing primary and secondary schools, secondary specialized schools, technical colleges, old-age care institutions, villages/neighborhood committees and other units under the guidance of the district CDC to make an appointment and docking with the vaccination clinics in the jurisdiction for free vaccination. Citizens who are willing to vaccinate can make an appointment at the vaccination clinic through various appointment methods such as internet, telephone and on-site appointment.

　　The first batch of vaccination work is scheduled to start in mid-September, mainly for the elderly aged 60 and above in Beijing, and the vaccination publicity and mobilization of students in primary and secondary schools, secondary specialized schools and technical colleges will be started simultaneously.The second batch is scheduled to start in late September, mainly for students in primary and secondary schools, secondary specialized schools and technical colleges, and simultaneously start the self-funded vaccination of influenza vaccine in the city. The third batch is scheduled to start in early October, mainly for emergency support personnel of major events (including front-line personnel of epidemic prevention and control in COVID-19). If there is no special reason, the free vaccination of influenza vaccine in the city is initially scheduled to end at the end of November.

　　All vaccination clinics should arrange the vaccination work of schools, old-age care institutions and other collective units in advance to avoid large-scale vaccination in concentrated periods. At the same time, do a good job in registering the demand for pneumococcal vaccination, arrange vaccination reasonably, and provide joint vaccination services for pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and influenza vaccine for the elderly.

　　All vaccination clinics should strengthen vaccine management, standardize vaccination operations, strictly implement epidemic prevention and control measures such as daily ventilation and disinfection, temperature measurement, code test, negative nucleic acid test, and keeping a one-meter line at the vaccination site to ensure vaccination safety. At the same time, they should take various convenient service measures such as cold protection, rain protection and anti-skid, and do a good job in vaccination warm-hearted service and humanistic care for key groups such as the elderly and students, so as to further enhance the comfort and satisfaction of the citizens.