[Technology] Cars have become an indispensable part of our lives. The combination of steering wheel+shift lever+pedal seems to have become a natural way to control cars, but their respective mechanisms are rarely understood. Take the steering wheel in our hands as an example, the majority of riders are still vague about the common concepts of various steering systems, such as "the difference with hydraulic power" and "what is the variable power", and so on. Below, we will systematically introduce various common steering systems, answer these questions, and discuss the mysteries and mysteries of various steering systems with you.

　

　　Because of the long space, this paper introduces our most common system now, interprets "where does the power come from" and introduces the classification of power steering system.

　　Power steering, as its name implies, is to resist steering resistance by increasing external force, so that drivers can complete steering with less force. It is also called power steering. It was originally designed to make some large vehicles with heavy weight operate more easily, but now it has become very popular. It makes driving easier and easier, and makes vehicles more agile and improves safety to some extent. Power steering can be divided into two categories according to the different sources of power-hydraulic power and electric power.

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　　The origin of hydraulic power steering can be traced back to February, 1902. Frederick W. Lanchester of Britain invented "Cause the steering mechanism to be actuated by hydraulic power", that is, the hydraulic driving steering mechanism. After that, inventors in the United States and Canada successively registered patents for similar inventions. In automobile production, the commercial production of hydraulic power steering system was first realized, and it was named Hydraguide hydraulic steering system, and it was installed on Chrysler’s sixth generation Imperial in 1951. With the development of technology, the steering system with electronic pump instead of mechanical pump appears, so the current hydraulic power is mainly divided into mechanical hydraulic power and electronic hydraulic power. In addition, the electronic servo hydraulic power steering system is derived from the mechanical hydraulic power.

　

　　Let’s look at the main principle of mechanical hydraulic power steering, which is based on mechanical rack-and-pinion steering mechanism, and adds a whole set of hydraulic system, including liquid storage tank, hydraulic booster pump, mechanical valve connected with steering column, hydraulic cylinder on steering mechanism and the one that can push steering rod, etc.

　　The hydraulic pump provided by mechanical power steering is driven by a belt, which means that the steering pump can only run when the engine is running, which is why the steering wheel power disappears after the engine is turned off. On the steering machine, there is a mechanical valve that can rotate with the steering column. When the steering wheel does not rotate left and right, the pressure in the chambers on both sides of the piston is consistent and in a balanced state. When the steering wheel rotates, the mechanical valve connected to the steering column will be opened or closed accordingly, and the oil on one side will return directly to the oil storage tank without passing through the hydraulic cylinder, and the oil on the other side will continue to be injected into the hydraulic cylinder, so that the pressure difference between the two sides of the piston will be pushed under the action of hydraulic force, and then the auxiliary force will be generated to push the steering rod to steer the wheels, which greatly reduces the force required for us to turn the steering wheel.

　　Another advantage of hydraulic power steering system is to improve comfort and safety. When the wheels jump violently and the tires turn involuntarily when encountering potholes, the vibration can be well buffered and absorbed by the action of hydraulic pressure on the piston, which greatly reduces the vibration transmitted to the steering wheel. At the same time, this structure also improves the safety. For example, when a vehicle using the traditional rack-and-pinion mechanism turns, the tire suddenly changes direction when it encounters a pothole, and the rack will drive the gear to reverse the steering wheel, resulting in the situation of "beater", which is easy to hurt the driver’s hand, so there will be no such problem in a hydraulically assisted vehicle.

　　Mechanical hydraulic booster features:The whole system is a mechanical structure, from the mechanical hydraulic pump driven by the belt to the hydraulic mechanical valve body on the steering column, without any electronic system, with mature and stable technology, high reliability and wide application range. Even if the hydraulic system of the vehicle fails and loses power, it can still rely on the traditional rack and pinion mechanism for steering. Disadvantages are complex structure, large space occupation and high manufacturing cost, which also makes the maintenance difficult and costly. And because the hydraulic pump is driven by the engine belt, it will consume part of the power of the engine, which will affect the fuel economy and the power of the vehicle, especially for small-displacement vehicles with relatively weak power. In addition, the strength of the mechanical hydraulic power-assisted system is not adjustable, so it is difficult to take into account the different requirements for pointing accuracy when driving at low speed and high speed.

● Electro-hydraulic booster

　　The so-called Electro-hydraulic power steering (EHPS for short) has exactly the same principle as mechanical hydraulic power steering, but the biggest difference from mechanical hydraulic power steering is that instead of using a hydraulic pump driven by an engine through a belt, it is replaced by an electric pump.

　　The advantages of electro-hydraulic power assist are firstly reflected in energy consumption. First, the electronic pump driven by electric energy uses the electric energy output by the generator and the battery, and no longer consumes the power of the engine itself. The start and stop of the electronic pump are all controlled by the electronic system. When it is not steering, the electronic pump is turned off, unlike the mechanical hydraulic power assist pump, which is always linked with the engine, further reducing energy consumption.

　　Secondly, the electronic control unit of the electro-hydraulic power steering system can change the power of steering assistance by processing the information of sensors such as speed sensor, lateral acceleration sensor and steering angle sensor, and changing the flow rate of the electronic pump in real time, that is, the function of variable power assistance with speed. Of course, it is not only the electro-hydraulic power assist that can realize the variable power assist with speed. We will introduce various "variable" power assist steering systems in detail in later articles.

　　Electro-hydraulic power assist has been gradually popularized since the late 1990s, and brands such as,,,,, and have models using electro-hydraulic power assist system. We are familiar with, and other models use such a system.

"Triumph, old models and other models use electro-hydraulic power."

　　Why can’t electro-hydraulic assist replace mechanical hydraulic assist?

　　No matter from the aspects of technology, function or economy, electro-hydraulic power assistance has more advantages than mechanical hydraulic power assistance. However, at present, electro-hydraulic power assistance has not been able to replace mechanical hydraulic power assistance for the following reasons:

　　1. The cost of electro-hydraulic booster is higher. Compared with the mechanical hydraulic power-assisted system, after adding the electronic control system and replacing it with the electronic pump, the manufacturing cost of electronic hydraulic power-assisted system is higher, the technology is more complicated, and the difficulty and cost of maintenance are also increased.

　　2. The reliability is not as good as that of mechanical hydraulic booster. In addition to the failure of steering mechanism and hydraulic mechanism, electro-hydraulic power assist also increases the possibility of electrical system failure, so its reliability is not as good as that of traditional hydraulic power assist system.

　　3. The assistance is limited. Although the use of electronic pump has obvious advantages, it needs to be driven by the electric energy of the generator, and the vehicle-mounted generator itself and the maximum current it can provide are limited, so the power of the electronic pump is also limited, and the load it can carry is also limited. Therefore, at present, most of the models that use electro-hydraulic power are medium-sized vehicles. For vehicles that need greater assistance, the electro-hydraulic assistance system is beyond the reach.

　　4. Evolved mechanical hydraulic booster system. With the development of technology, the variable speed function of electro-hydraulic power-assisted system has been realized on the evolved mechanical hydraulic power-assisted system (using solenoid valve body technology), and even a variable speed ratio system has been derived from the mechanical hydraulic power-assisted steering system, so the mechanical hydraulic power-assisted system with higher reliability and load-bearing capacity is still welcomed by manufacturers.

　　BEIJING, March 1st (Xinhua)-On the 1st, at the press conference on the theme of "Authoritative Department Begins" held by the State Council Office, Jin Zhuanglong, Minister of Industry and Information Technology, said that the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology would anchor the strategic goals of manufacturing power, network power and digital China, take digital technology innovation breakthrough and application expansion as the main direction, and increase the integrated development of informationization and industrialization. Generally speaking, it is mainly in three aspects: one is the network platform, the other is the digital industry, and the other is the integrated development.

　　The first aspect is to solidly promote the construction of network infrastructure. China has built the world’s largest and technologically advanced network infrastructure, with Gigabit access capacity covering all prefecture-level cities. This year, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology will further implement the construction of Gigabit cities. Not long ago, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology held a Gigabit City Summit Forum to guide all localities and enterprises to speed up construction investment and accelerate the deep coverage of 5G and Gigabit optical networks. Study and formulate an action plan for the development of computing infrastructure and strengthen the construction of industrial Internet infrastructure.

　　The second aspect is to accelerate the development of the core industries of the digital economy. In 2022, China’s electronic information manufacturing industry achieved an operating income of 15.4 trillion yuan, and the software business income reached 10.8 trillion yuan, which laid a solid industrial and technical foundation for the integrated development of informationization and industrialization. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology will accelerate the development of emerging digital industries such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, cloud computing and network security, guide and support enterprises to increase investment in research and development, and improve the industrial level of communication equipment, core electronic components and ultra-high definition display. Promote the high-quality development of integrated circuits and industrial software industries. Build characteristic software colleges with high standards and create a number of famous software parks in China.

　　The third aspect is to vigorously promote the digital transformation of manufacturing industry. Study and formulate a roadmap for digital transformation of key industries and cultivate a number of digital transformation benchmarks. Promote the 5G Sailing Action Plan, deepen the integrated application of "5G+ Industrial Internet", promote the popularization and application of industrial Internet to industrial parks, and build a number of 5G fully connected factories. We will implement the smart manufacturing partner program and standard pilot actions, build a number of world-leading smart factories and smart supply chains, and develop new models and formats such as service-oriented manufacturing.

[Editor’s Note] "We should develop traditional Chinese medicine, pay attention to interpreting the principles of traditional Chinese medicine with modern science, and take the road of combining traditional Chinese and western medicine." On May 12th, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader once again asked about Chinese medicine during his inspection tour in Nanyang City, Henan Province, and put forward new and clear requirements for the further development of Chinese medicine.

Inheriting the essence, the development of traditional Chinese medicine can go back to ancient times; The development of traditional Chinese medicine will be clear and turbulent only when it is upright and innovative. Combined with the outstanding performance and experience of Chinese medicine in the treatment of COVID-19 epidemic, many Chinese medicine experts who have participated in the first-line anti-epidemic talk about their experiences, offering suggestions and suggestions for the high-quality development of Chinese medicine and protecting the health of all mankind.

Liu Qingquan, Dean of Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University. Photo courtesy of respondents

"The future development of Chinese medicine is to be brave and dare to combine with modern science and technology, and to be good at using modern science and technology language to make the oldest theory of Chinese medicine clear and clear, so that Chinese medicine can truly become a world medicine and a medical system that can be used by all countries and ethnic groups." Combined with the treatment of COVID-19 epidemic, Liu Qingquan, president of Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, said that the integration of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine is very important for the development of traditional Chinese medicine, and it may form a new medicine in the future. It not only has the traditional theoretical advantages of Chinese medicine classics, but also embodies the connotation of modern science and technology; It is neither classical Chinese medicine nor modern western medicine, but a complete medical system with complementary advantages.

On February 15th, 2020, in beijing ditan hospital, a pharmacist dispensed medicine for COVID-19 patients in a traditional Chinese medicine pharmacy. Xinhua News Agency reporter Yan Huanzong photo

The experience of Chinese and western collaborative treatment lays the foundation for the formation of new medicine.

In the process of fighting against the epidemic in COVID-19, the effective prescription of traditional Chinese medicine-"three drugs and three parties" screened out by clinic has played an important role.

Liu Qingquan, who once served as an expert in Hubei Central Steering Group and deputy head of the national expert group on medical treatment of traditional Chinese medicine, said that "three drugs and three parties" is actually a classic theory of China traditional Chinese medicine, a treatment method based on the experience of traditional Chinese medicine in treating plague for thousands of years, and a model for coping with new diseases.

"Through the analysis of COVID-19’s clinical characteristics, we have formed the idea that we can combine various effective prescriptions to treat, thus forming the basic idea of’ three parties and three drugs’, that is, according to the changes of etiology and different stages of illness, we can adjust and combine to form effective treatment methods. This proves the greatness and correctness of the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and verifies that it conforms to scientific laws. " Liu Qingquan said.

"In the process of using’ three parties and three drugs’ treatment, we have also preliminarily explored and mastered some theoretical data of treating COVID-19 with traditional Chinese medicine. These studies prove that the basis of treating COVID-19 with traditional Chinese medicine is scientifically explained from different aspects, such as the adjustment of immune system and inflammatory system, which are the important pathological links that cause the disease to change, get worse and worse during the onset of COVID-19." Liu Qingquan analysis.

"In terms of coordinated treatment of Chinese and Western medicine, Chinese and Western medicine have their own strengths, and ultimately played a very important role in improving the success rate of severe and critical care and reducing the mortality rate, which proved the internal theoretical basis of coordinated treatment of Chinese and Western medicine and made some necessary preparations for exploring the organic integration of Chinese and Western medicine to form a new medicine." Liu Qingquan pointed out.

On February 25th, 2020, in Jiangxia Fangcang Hospital, Zhan Min (right), a medical staff member of the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, performed acupoint application therapy for COVID-19 patients. Xinhua News Agency reporter Shen Bohan photo

Exploration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shelter Hospital Model of Infectious Diseases Hospital with Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine

In the process of Chinese medicine participating in Wuhan epidemic prevention and control and clinical treatment, Fangcang Hospital has become a medical pioneering work in a special period.

Liu Qingquan, a former president of Jiangxia Fangcang Hospital, was deeply touched by the experience of Chinese medicine taking over Fangcang Hospital. He said that the establishment of the shelter hospital is a very effective way to deal with sudden large-scale infectious diseases. In the shelter hospital, the treatment of light and ordinary patients with traditional Chinese medicine can effectively speed up the improvement of patients’ condition, reduce the occurrence of severe and critical diseases and reduce the mortality rate. In addition, because the source of infection is cut off in time, the control of virus transmission also plays a very important role.

Liu Qingquan believes that the experience and achievements gained by taking over Fangcang Hospital with traditional Chinese medicine technology to treat light and ordinary patients in COVID-19 have paved the way for the state to support the establishment of infectious disease hospitals and specialized hospitals with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine. This will enable the future to quickly form a powerful force of combining traditional Chinese and western medicine, whether dealing with common infectious diseases or sudden new infectious diseases.

On May 23, 2021, the doctor set up the automatic decocting machine in Yingkou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning Province. Xinhua News Agency reporter Pan Xiaolong photo

Increase investment to support the construction of Chinese medicine institutions and Chinese medicine research.

Nowadays, in the treatment of many local epidemics distributed in China, the treatment scheme of traditional Chinese medicine is becoming more and more perfect and mature, and has achieved very good results. The methods of classified treatment and management of traditional Chinese medicine have become more and more popular and have become the consensus of the medical community.

"Compared with this treatment effect, there are too few medical institutions of Chinese medicine, which is a limitation to the role of Chinese medicine and its future development." Liu Qingquan called on the state to increase investment in TCM research and institution building. In dealing with infectious diseases, it is hoped that the state can support the establishment of infectious disease hospitals in mature areas with traditional Chinese medicine or integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine.

Liu Qingquan said that infectious diseases are the public enemy of mankind, regardless of Chinese medicine and western medicine, regardless of population and race. Therefore, I hope that China can make achievements in the construction of infectious disease hospitals with traditional Chinese medicine and integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, and set an example for promoting the development of China medicine and even the world medicine. I hope that colleagues of Chinese and Western medicine can work together in Qi Xin to seize the opportunity and let the development of traditional Chinese medicine enter a new era.

　　On January 17th and 19th, two patients in Xinjiang died after taking Tangzhining Capsule (batch number "081101") labeled "Guangxi Pingnan Pharmaceutical Factory". After investigation, the "Tangzhining Capsule" that caused the patient’s death was a counterfeit drug, and the chemical component "glibenclamide" was illegally added. According to industry analysts, patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension are huge, which has become a "gold mine" for many black-hearted drug dealers to make money. Some products advertised as pure Chinese medicine have illegally mixed western medicine ingredients, or added pharmaceutical ingredients to health foods, which is harmful to patients’ health. This has also become a focus of supervision by law enforcement departments in various places, including Guangdong Province.

　　Three chemical components are often illegally added.

　　According to reports, although the current medical level has made rapid progress, there is no major breakthrough in some difficult diseases, such as diabetes, chronic hepatitis, malignant tumors, etc., and neither traditional Chinese medicine nor western medicine can achieve a complete cure. Wei Hua, deputy director of the Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, said that as far as Chinese medicine is concerned, its composition is complex and its effect is mild and slow, while western medicine has continuously developed some chemical drugs which are more effective, but its side effects are relatively large. In this regard, some lawless people, taking advantage of the psychological trust of patients in traditional Chinese medicine, promote so-called pure Chinese medicine and health food, and secretly add western medicine chemical components to them, so that patients feel obvious curative effect after taking it, thus increasing sales. For example, the "Tangzhining Capsule" that went wrong this time is under the banner of Chinese patent medicine.

　　Wei Hua said that in addition to the glibenclamide added in the "Tangzhining Capsule" that went wrong this time, gliclazide and glipizide are the most commonly added hypoglycemic western medicine ingredients in those illegal products. According to the relevant regulations, chemical substances are not allowed to be added to traditional Chinese medicine. "Glibenclamide" has a strong hypoglycemic effect, and its pharmacological function is to promote insulin secretion and improve human insulin deficiency through metabolism after entering the blood. However, serious overdose may cause shock and even death.

　　It is understood that the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institute for Drug Inspection found that the drugs taken by the deceased during his lifetime contained about 10.33 mg of "glibenclamide" per pill. "Glibenclamide" is a second-generation sulfonylurea, which has a strong hypoglycemic effect, but adults should not take more than l5 mg per day, otherwise it will endanger the life safety of users. According to the instructions of the seized drugs, the normal dosage is 9 capsules per day, which has exceeded the maximum daily dosage by 6 times.

　　You can’t add western medicine to Chinese medicine at random.

　　A person in charge of a pharmaceutical factory told reporters that the incident was not accidental, and illegal drugs, health foods, western medicines and illegal propaganda occurred from time to time. According to National Medical Products Administration, they found that it is not uncommon to add sildenafil, a component of Viagra, to the "pure Chinese medicine" for treating male sexual dysfunction, and to add thyroid hormone to diet food, which can cause hyperthyroidism, so that patients who don’t know the truth suffer from side effects of drugs for no reason. This exposes a problem: most Chinese people believe that "natural drugs" have the advantages of low toxicity and side effects, and it is inevitable that they are not alert to side effects such as dependence.

　　Wang Dahong, Secretary-General of the Market Working Committee of China Health Food Association, said that illegal addition of western medicine ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine or chemical ingredients in health food will do great harm to patients and should not be added indiscriminately. Doctors and patients use mixed Chinese and western medicines without knowing it, which can easily lead to repeated adverse drug reactions. For example, if diabetic patients don’t know that the Chinese patent medicine for lowering blood sugar is added with glibenclamide, they mistakenly think it is a "Chinese medicine with no toxic and side effects" and take it in excess, or take the western medicine for lowering blood sugar at the same time for "integrated Chinese and western medicine treatment", which will lead to overdose of hypoglycemic drugs and hypoglycemia, and even lead to blood sugar fluctuation of patients if they stop taking the medicine suddenly. Therefore, Wang Dahong said that the timely discovery and investigation of the problem "Tangzhining Capsule" has eliminated another safety hazard that harms consumers’ health, and the industry has been further eliminated.

　　Illegal addition has four characteristics.

　　Most Chinese patent medicines or health foods illegally added with western medicine ingredients have the following characteristics: First, they claim that they can cure or greatly improve certain diseases in a short period of time, and their efficacy is remarkable. Second, most drugs are sold through online advertisements, mail advertisements or health knowledge lectures. Third, most drugs or health care products are covered with legal coats. Some products are pure Chinese medicine ingredients when applying for batch number, but western medicine ingredients are added during production. Fourth, the means of addition is very secret. Knowing that the routine drug testing only examines the internal substances of drugs, criminals add western medicine ingredients to the external carriers of drugs such as capsule shell. Finally, it is suggested that consumers can check the authenticity of drugs through the official website of the State Food and Drug Administration.

　　-Medical files

　　glibenclamide

　　Glibenclamide, alias glibenclamide, Daanning, etc., is a prescription drug and must be taken under the guidance of a doctor. It is an islet hormone and a drug that affect blood sugar, and can be used to treat mild and moderate non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with unsatisfactory therapeutic effect only by diet control, but the patient’s islet β cells need to have certain insulin secretion function without serious complications, such as diarrhea, nausea, headache, stomachache, liver function damage, thrombocytopenia and other adverse symptoms. If you take glibenclamide in large quantities for a long time, it will eventually lead to hypoglycemia, nephropathy and even death.

　　-Related links

　　Which drugs illegally add glibenclamide?

　　According to experts, in the drug treatment of diabetes, except insulin, most of them are oral drugs. Oral hypoglycemic drugs are usually divided into three categories: western medicine hypoglycemic drugs, pure Chinese medicine hypoglycemic drugs and Chinese and Western medicine hypoglycemic drugs. Generally, pure Chinese medicine has weak hypoglycemic effect, slow onset and high safety. Western medicine hypoglycemic agents take effect quickly and have great toxic and side effects. The combination of Chinese and western hypoglycemic agents is based on the pure traditional Chinese medicine hypoglycemic agents, and incorporates the ingredients of western medicine hypoglycemic agents, which not only has the advantages of rapid hypoglycemic effect of western medicine, but also has the advantages of high safety of traditional Chinese medicine. According to the person in charge of the provincial drug evaluation center, at present, only three kinds of oral hypoglycemic drugs, such as Yikai Xiaoke Pill, are officially registered in China. It is not the first time to illegally add glibenclamide. In 2005, the Ministry of Health investigated and dealt with two cases-

　　○ On June 15th, 2005, the Ministry of Health issued a notice, requiring all localities to investigate and deal with some batch numbers of "Ku Le Kang Capsule" produced by Liaoning Healthy Weiye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.. The Ministry of Health pointed out that when the relevant departments of Jilin Province supervised and inspected the health food "Ku Le Kang" capsules (approval number: Wei Shi Jian Zi [2002] No.0588) produced by Liaoning Health Weiye Biotechnology Co., Ltd., they found that the products marked with certain batch numbers contained chemical drugs. The capsule shells of samples with batch numbers of 20041201 (not for sale), 20040902 and 20041201 contain the chemical drug glibenclamide, and the capsule contents with batch number of 20050401 contain the chemical drug gliclazide.

　　○ On October 9, 2005, Jiangxi Food and Drug Administration announced that the law enforcement officers of Nanchang Food and Drug Administration had tested the drug "Tangbikang Jiangtangning Capsule" labeled as batch number 20050403082 produced by Jilin Shenhui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: glibenclamide was illegally added to this Chinese patent medicine. (Reporter Roger Lee)

Editor: Liu Li

　　The brand awareness of Haier refrigerator is very high. Many people have heard that Haier Commander Refrigerator and Haier Refrigerator are the same. What is the difference between Haier Commander Refrigerator and Haier Refrigerator? Why is the price gap so big? The following small series will give you a specific analysis. Let’s take a look.

　　Haier tongshuai refrigerator

　　Commander-in-Chief is the third sub-brand of Haier Group after Haier and casarte, and it is a customized home appliance brand launched by Haier Group under the background of the Internet era. In 1998, the commander-in-chief brand was exported to the European market as an overseas marketing platform.

　　Haier Group products have three brands, Haier, casarte and Commander-in-Chief. Haier refrigerator and Haier Commander refrigerator are both brands of Haier refrigerators, but they are put into different markets. Commander series belongs to Haier’s low-end and mid-end brands. In the early stage, home appliances went to the countryside as Commander refrigerators, and casarte series was the high-end brand of refrigerators.

　　The product appearance of Haier refrigerator and Haier commander refrigerator may be different. Haier staff said that Haier’s commander-in-chief brand and Haier brand refrigerator are the same in terms of development and production technology, but the brands are different and the materials of some refrigerators are different. The product quality is the same, and the commander-in-chief also provides product customization.

　　Generally, Haier refrigerators have refrigerator specification labels (or refrigerator nameplates) attached to the inner wall of the refrigerating room or the back of the refrigerator, which indicate the specifications, models (such as "BCD-216YH silver gray" for a 216-liter silver gray refrigerator), power, circuit diagram and so on. Haier’s products exclusively used in urban and rural areas are generally not fully labeled or not labeled at all, but the performance of the products is the same as other products. For the refrigerators exclusively used, only the refrigerators are more suitable for the supply and demand sides.

　　The difference between Haier commander refrigerator and Haier refrigerator is here for everyone. You should be able to distinguish between the two refrigerators now, and also introduce the relationship between them. In the future, you can clearly distinguish when buying Haier refrigerator. I hope the content introduced above can help those in need.

The "Several Policies and Measures on Promoting the Stable Growth of Foreign Trade" issued by the Ministry of Commerce recently proposed to promote the development of cross-border e-commerce. The status and importance of cross-border e-commerce does not stop there. At present, it has been included as a new clause in some newly signed and escalating bilateral free trade agreements.

In recent years, new foreign trade formats and new modes have emerged in China, especially cross-border e-commerce, which has become a "new engine" to stimulate foreign trade growth with its rapid development. Relying on strong supply capacity, faster customs clearance efficiency and more cost-effective customized services, cross-border e-commerce is promoting more China products to link to the global market. Cross-border packages smoothly shuttle between more countries and regions, bringing China closer to the world.

"New clause" of FTA

Data show that in the first three quarters of this year, the import and export of cross-border e-commerce in China increased by 11.5% year-on-year, accounting for nearly 6% of China’s foreign trade. As a new format and model in the field of foreign trade, the rapid development of cross-border e-commerce is a pragmatic achievement of China’s continuous expansion of high-level opening-up and promotion of bilateral and multilateral economic and trade cooperation.

On November 14th, China and Peru signed a protocol to upgrade the FTA, adding five chapters to the original FTA, including e-commerce. On August 22nd, the joint communique between China and the Belarusian government pointed out that the two sides will strengthen cooperation in the field of e-commerce and encourage Belarusian enterprises to enter the major e-commerce platforms in China … Recently, the newly signed bilateral free trade agreement or the upgraded free trade agreement has included cross-border e-commerce as a new clause, which has injected momentum into the development of cross-border e-commerce between China and its free trade partners.

"The inclusion of cross-border e-commerce as a new clause in the bilateral free trade agreement has released a new signal that China attaches great importance to the role of cross-border e-commerce in international trade and regards it as an important tool to promote trade liberalization and facilitation." Hong Yong, a think tank expert of China Digital and Real Integration 50 Forum, told the International Business Daily reporter.

"This is a very positive signal." Wang Chunming, executive director and general manager of Harbin Fuhuo International Supply Chain Co., Ltd., told the International Business Daily that the inclusion of cross-border e-commerce in the terms of the bilateral free trade agreement not only simplifies the trade process of enterprises, reduces the barriers to cross-border transactions of enterprises, but also deepens the cooperation between enterprises and other countries in e-commerce. "On the other hand, this move also shows that while promoting the high-quality development of foreign trade, China has taken the digital economy and cross-border e-commerce as a key link in its future development, which is bound to promote more enterprises to participate in the international market."

In Hong Yong’s view, this move also reflects China’s determination to play a more active role in global digital economic governance and trade rule-making. "China has always been committed to jointly formulating rules through international cooperation to promote the healthy and orderly development of cross-border e-commerce."

Cross-border e-commerce "acceleration"

"Our e-commerce sales have nearly tripled year-on-year, and the logistics speed has been shortened from more than 40 days to about 25 days now." Wang Chunming said that the company’s latest batch of orders were delivered from Belarus to Erenhot, and the goods were distributed to all parts of the country after unloading. "Five cars were delivered this morning, and four cars will be’ taken’ later."

There are many foreign trade enterprises like Wang Chunming that enjoy the dividend of cross-border e-commerce development. In Guangzhou and Baiyun Airport Comprehensive Bonded Zone, batches of small packages imported directly by cross-border e-commerce such as beauty and skin care products and clothing accessories were sorted and sent to all parts of the country. In Sichuan, in eight provincial-level cross-border e-commerce industrial parks, 400 cross-border e-commerce source factories operate efficiently, and batches of products with Bashu characteristics go overseas from here.

Since 2014, cross-border e-commerce has been written into the government work report for 11 consecutive years. From 1.06 trillion yuan in 2018 to 2.38 trillion yuan in 2023, the import and export of cross-border e-commerce in China increased by 1.2 times in five years.

Hong Yong believes that the rapid development of cross-border e-commerce in China is mainly due to its ability to effectively reduce transaction costs, shorten transaction chains, improve transaction efficiency, and meet the personalized and diversified needs of consumers.

According to customs statistics, in the first eight months of this year, there were 630,000 foreign trade business entities with import and export performance in China, up 8.8% year-on-year. According to preliminary statistics, the number of cross-border e-commerce entities in China has exceeded 120,000, and the number of cross-border e-commerce industrial parks has exceeded 1,000. Relying on 165 cross-border e-commerce comprehensive test zones in China, cross-border e-commerce has driven more enterprises from various industrial belts to participate in international trade.

Wang Chunming said that these data reflect the great changes in global consumption and trade patterns. "In the past, international trade mainly relied on traditional channels and logistics models. Nowadays, consumers can purchase global goods more conveniently through e-commerce platforms, and enterprises can also use e-commerce platforms to break geographical restrictions and enter the international market."

However, the industry has also noticed that the development of cross-border e-commerce still faces some challenges, such as the inconvenience of cross-border exchange, the need to improve cross-border e-commerce service capabilities, and differences in laws and regulations. In the next step, how to promote the "new engine" with high quality is the key to the industry’s stability and far-reaching.

In this regard, Wang Chunming suggested: First, strengthen policy coordination with other countries, increase the promotion of overseas markets, and promote more cross-border e-commerce enterprises to enter the international market. The second is to promote the combination of cross-border e-commerce platforms and localized services to help domestic enterprises better adapt to the international market, especially to provide more support in product compliance and payment security. "Only when policy, technology and market work together can we provide a better ecological environment for cross-border e-commerce and further promote its healthy and sustainable development."

Hong Yong suggested that the first is to strengthen infrastructure construction, such as improving domestic and international logistics networks and improving the security and convenience of cross-border payment systems. The second is to optimize the policy environment and reduce the operating costs of cross-border e-commerce enterprises through measures such as decentralization and reduction of examination and approval links. The third is to strengthen personnel training and technical support, establish a training mechanism for cross-border e-commerce professionals, and promote the application of technological innovation. Fourth, strengthen international cooperation, actively participate in the formulation of international rules, and create a fairer and more transparent external environment for cross-border e-commerce enterprises.

Citizens are buying TV sets (photo by reporter Gao Qian)

The public is buying a refrigerator (photo by reporter Gao Qian)

　　Editor’s Note: A few days ago, the Provincial Department of Commerce and other 19 departments jointly issued the "Implementation Plan for Promoting Trade-in of Consumer Goods in Henan Province", which will focus on the implementation of three major projects: trade-in of automobiles, trade-in of household appliances and "rejuvenation" of home improvement and kitchen and bathroom. As soon as this news came out, it was widely concerned by consumers. What are consumers’ expectations and concerns? What is the situation of the consumer market? The reporter interviewed this.

　　New kinetic energy-

　　Find a "home" for waste materials

　　In life, many people have seen such a scene in residential areas: old toilets, old furniture, waste household appliances, etc. are abandoned beside the trash can, waiting for someone to take them away. What should I do with these big household items? Is there a smooth recycling channel? Yesterday, the reporter started an interview.

　　The netizen had the experience of handling large household items. He told reporters that his old house needed to be renovated and he wanted to get rid of some old things. But because of the high floor and no elevator, things were bulky and heavy, and many masters who collected waste products were unwilling to pick them up. Selling these things not only won’t get money, but also requires paying a "disposal fee". "In the end, I had to bundle things that can still be used at home and can be sold with these items, and some people reluctantly agreed to clear them." This netizen is emotional.

　　With the continuous improvement of living standards, citizens’ demand for integrated upgrading of large household items is constantly increasing, and where to go for the eliminated large household items has become a difficult problem. "The public area in the hospital is limited. If these large items are discarded in the hospital, it will not only occupy the road, but also increase the burden on sanitation workers. I feel guilty in my heart, and I am afraid of causing conflicts in my neighborhood. I really hope that the relevant departments can provide a’ home’ for the eliminated household items. " The netizen said "the flag is victorious". "The electronic components in some household appliances will release harmful substances after aging and expiration, causing invisible harm to the human body." Ms. Shi, who is engaged in the environmental protection industry, said that she had done market research, and many residents did have the demand for recycling large household items.

　　The reporter learned that due to the lack of convenient recycling points, these eliminated large household items were either discarded at will or dismantled by some illegal dismantling points. An old man who walks the streets to recycle old household appliances told reporters that these old things are worthless, and washing machines, old computers, etc. are tens of dollars regardless of good or bad. Dealing with these things takes up space and time, and he takes them back and sells them in parts.

　　Previously, the relevant ministries and commissions of the state jointly issued the Notice on Encouraging Household Appliance Manufacturers to Carry out the Action of Responsibility System for Recycling Targets, and put forward a series of policies to encourage household appliance manufacturers to implement recycling. Nowadays, many home appliance manufacturers are carrying out "trade-in" activities, and some enterprises can even provide disassembly services for free.

　　For a long time, the recycling level of large household items is low, the management is not standardized, and the necessary recycling facilities are lacking. The "last mile" of recycling has never been opened. Recently, the Henan Provincial Department of Commerce and other 19 departments jointly issued the "Implementation Plan for Promoting Trade-in of Consumer Goods in Henan Province", which mentioned that the recycling network of household appliances should be upgraded, and the construction of recycling outlets, sorting centers, dismantling facilities and other projects should be supported to improve the efficiency of recycling, transit and distribution. The staff of an environmental protection enterprise in our city told the reporter that they have paid attention to this problem and are considering establishing a recycling channel and management system with some qualified enterprises to realize the reduction, harmlessness and resource disposal of large household items.

　　Automobile energy conversion-

　　Double subsidies are more favorable.

　　Automobile consumption is an important part of household consumption. At present, the automobile trade-in project has begun. What is the trend of the consumer market? What new weather has it presented? On May 11th, the reporter went to the automobile market in northern Henan for an interview.

　　There are used car trading places in the market, and more are new car sales stores. In a new car sales store at the entrance of the market, different styles of cars are parked. Duan Wenbin, the manager of the automobile sales and marketing department, is sorting out the automobile sales information. He said: "The new round of automobile trade-in has begun, which will definitely drive the automobile market consumption. We have prepared enough sources to meet the diversified needs of consumers as much as possible."

　　On May 7, the "Implementation Plan for Promoting Trade-in of Consumer Goods in Henan Province" jointly issued by the Provincial Department of Commerce and other 19 departments mentioned that from May 7 to the end of this year, individual consumers will be scrapped with fuel vehicles or new energy passenger vehicles with national emission standards of Grade III and below, and they will be subsidized by 10,000 yuan for purchasing new energy passenger vehicles; For individual consumers, the fuel vehicles with national emission standards of Grade III and below will be scrapped, and the fuel passenger cars with a displacement of less than 2.0 will be subsidized by 7,000 yuan. At the same time, cities and counties are encouraged to give subsidies to consumers who replace old cars with new ones, and the provincial finance will give appropriate awards; Encourage automobile production enterprises and sales enterprises to independently carry out second-hand car replacement subsidies and superimposed preferential profit-making activities.

　　"In fact, we have always had replacement subsidies for car buyers. Old cars are exchanged for new ones, cars of the same brand are subsidized by 5,000 yuan, and subsidies of different brands are 3,000 yuan. Consumers can enjoy subsidies as long as they provide transaction tickets." Duan Wenbin said that now, government departments also have subsidies, coupled with corporate concessions, consumers can save a lot by exchanging old ones for new ones.

　　What style of car is more popular with consumers? Duan Wenbin pointed to a small new energy passenger car and said, "It must be a new energy passenger car, especially this small one, which saves energy and is convenient to park in the urban area." Yan Dong, a staff member of an automobile sales department who specializes in selling new energy passenger cars, also told reporters: "It is precisely because of the good market prospects of new energy passenger cars that the manufacturers we sell cars changed from fuel vehicle production to new energy passenger car production last year. Moreover, adding intelligent technology and intelligent management, such as autonomous driving technology, to new energy passenger cars is very popular among young consumers. "

　　Cui Zhifeng, a consumer who has transferred to several car stores, is a "post-00" and is preparing to change to a new car. He said: "New energy vehicles are the first choice. I prefer to be intelligent and have a better driving experience. Let’s take a look around today and exchange our old car for a new one in a couple of days. "

　　How to apply for car trade-in subsidy? The reporter learned that consumers can enter the application through the website of the "National Automobile Circulation Information Management" system or the "Car Trade-in" applet.

　　Replacement of home appliances-

　　Merchants let the market get hot.

　　"Trade-in" is not a new term for the home appliance market. The difference is that more businesses have joined the trade-in activities this year. On May 11th, the reporter visited some appliance stores in our city.

　　The reporter saw that many merchants have advertised "trade-in", and almost all the home appliances in the store have billboards. In the corridors and aisles, the slogan of "trade-in" can be seen everywhere. A staff member told the reporter: "Many commodities can be’ trade-in’. This year, there are more commodities participating in the activities and the publicity is stronger. Generally speaking,’ trade-in’ can be deducted from 200 yuan to 300 yuan, and you can participate in activities regardless of the brand or quality. Some merchants don’t even take away the old machines, and then make profits for consumers. "

　　The reporter found that in addition to trade-in, merchants also launched other promotional activities, and some brands launched "group purchase coupons" benefits. After consumers receive coupons online, they can also purchase new products by superimposing in-store promotional activities; Some brands offer services such as "10-year warranty" and free cleaning; Some products focus on intelligence, and users can control them remotely by connecting their mobile phones. Nowadays, intelligent household appliances such as "washing machine+dryer", dishwasher and sweeping robot have entered more and more families. A salesperson told the reporter: "According to the needs of consumers, merchants will launch different products, some of which are economical and applicable, and some of which can meet the needs of high-quality life, but overall, green and energy-saving products sell best."

　　"Come in and have a look, this is our new TV set. Its biggest highlight is’ seamless adsorption’, separated design and stereo surround, and the picture and color are even less, which can meet the needs of family viewing. " The clerk said to the consumers who are buying TV sets, "The promotion activities during the May 1 ST period are still going on. As long as they really want to buy them, the price can be negotiated again." "Now many consumers value cost performance, and similar products with low price, good quality and high energy efficiency are more popular." A citizen who just bought a TV set told reporters.

　　So, which home appliances do consumers most want to join the trade-in activity? The reporter learned that some consumers hope that the trade-in activities of large household appliances such as refrigerators and washing machines should be implemented so that consumers can really get benefits. Another part of consumers said that the upgrading speed of large household appliances is slow, and it is more affordable for small household appliances to join the activities. "Before replacing the old electric baking pans at home, 50 yuan changed the price for a new one. Small household appliances are broken, which costs a little more to repair, but it is a pity to throw them away. This kind of activity is quite good. " Citizen Gao Min said. Ms. Dong, a citizen, said that there are many broken small household appliances at home. If different types of small household appliances can be exchanged for each other, it would be better to buy the products they need.

　　Home improvement kitchen and bathroom "rejuvenation" new-

　　Green, intelligent and energy-saving become the first choice.

　　With a gentle kick, the toilet lid automatically rises, freeing hands; With a wave of your hand, the range hood hidden in the hanging cabinet can be lowered; Remote control operation, the mattress bends into an S-shape, which makes the body fit and relax … Nowadays, green, intelligent and energy-saving products emerge one after another in home stores. Will the home market be "rejuvenated" with the current trade-in craze? On May 13th, the reporter visited some home markets in our city.

　　On the morning of the same day, in a home improvement building materials market in the middle section of Wenming Avenue, the reporter met Ms. Niu, a citizen. "I just bought a new house for my child in March this year, and now the hard clothes will end immediately." She is consulting the whole house customization and told reporters. After a few days of shopping, she realized that there are a lot of wardrobe plates, such as density board, particle board, pine board, multilayer board and solid board, which are dazzling. "The child will get married at the end of the year, so in the choice of building materials, my biggest requirement is that the environmental protection level should be high. This is the case with wardrobes and cabinet plates, as well as the previous latex paint."

　　In addition to the popularity of green building materials, smart and energy-saving products have also become popular choices for consumers. In a bathroom shop on the first floor of the building materials market, the latest smart toilets were put in a conspicuous position. "At present, the best selling in our store is the smart toilet. In the past, most young people liked it, but now the customer base is wider. Many middle-aged and elderly people change their clothes and choose smart or light smart toilets. " Zhi Hong, a salesperson of the store, introduced it. Now the smart toilet is no longer "unattainable". You can buy a light smart toilet with heated seat and automatic lid lifting for more than 2,000 yuan, and the price is similar to that of ordinary toilets. "Our smart toilets and light smart toilets are both water-efficient secondary, and its sensing device will discharge water according to the load-bearing time, providing consumers with quality life and saving water at the same time." Zhihong said.

　　Kitchen and bathroom is the core area of the family and an important functional area. In addition to the renovation of new houses, many consumers who renovated old houses also started from the renovation of kitchen and bathroom. Ms. Gao, who lives in the Laker Triangle, originally bought a second-hand house, which was already decorated when she bought it. "I didn’t redecorate because of the limited budget. Now that I have a little more money, I want to clean up the kitchen. " Ms. Gao, who is choosing a gas stove, said that at present, the cupboard has been replaced at home, and then a set of more energy-efficient stoves and range hoods should be selected.

　　During the interview, the reporter learned that some businesses have launched trade-in activities, and at the same time, businesses are still continuing the "May Day" discount and various combination package promotions. "I saw the trade-in implementation plan issued by the province on the Internet, and I hope that businesses can launch related activities as soon as possible. In this way, the merchants will make some profits and the government will subsidize them. We can also upgrade our consumption and enjoy a higher quality smart home. " Ms. Niu said.

　　What did you get in exchange for the old one?

　　A few days ago, the Provincial Department of Commerce and other departments jointly issued a document to promote the full implementation of trade-in of consumer goods in Henan Province, focusing on the implementation of three major projects: trade-in of automobiles, trade-in of household appliances and "rejuvenation" of home improvement and kitchen and bathroom. Our city is also promoting this work. What changes have been brought to our production and life by the trade-in of consumer goods?

　　Trade-in of consumer goods has brought about an improvement in people’s quality of life. In the new round of trade-in activities of consumer goods, the new products replaced tend to be new energy passenger cars, green smart home appliances, smart electronic products, smart homes and other new products. These new products focus on green and intelligence, bringing convenience and intelligence to people’s lives, especially some aging smart products, which enhance the well-being of the elderly. Trade-in of consumer goods leads the new consumption fashion and improves the quality of life of the people.

　　Trade-in of consumer goods has brought a new look to the consumer market. Consumers can exchange old products for new ones and enjoy a certain amount of subsidies at the same time. Subsidies stimulate market consumption, which is bound to set off a new round of consumption boom. Consumer goods, such as automobiles, home appliances, home improvement, kitchen and bathroom, which are included in this trade-in subsidy, are an important part of residents’ consumption and are also bulk consumer products. Subsidies from government departments and concessions from some enterprises will certainly stimulate the consumer market and then set off a consumption boom.

　　Trade-in of consumer goods brings about the recycling of resources. At present, after automobiles, household appliances, home improvement, kitchen and bathroom and other household products are abandoned, some residents can’t find special recycling channels, and waste products will be littered, which may bring pollution to the environment. After the unified recycling of waste products, possible environmental pollution is avoided, moreover, waste resources can be recycled, and the quality and level of economic cycle are greatly improved.

　　Trade-in of consumer goods has brought about high-quality economic development. Green and intelligence are the vane of the consumer market. Stimulated by the trade-in policy, green and smart products favored by consumers are bound to be popular. This is conducive to promoting investment and promoting enterprises to produce more green and intelligent products, thus promoting the continuous increase of the proportion of advanced production capacity and bringing more high-quality durable consumer goods into residents’ lives. This can also promote local industries to climb "high", make efforts to "new", go "green" and make great strides towards high-quality development.

　　Trade-in of consumer goods has brought a new look to consumers’ life and consumption market. Relevant departments of our city should speed up the introduction of relevant policies so that consumers can enjoy the policy dividend as soon as possible and bring new atmosphere and changes.

　　(Reporter Deng Wei, Gao Qian, Li Hui)

Illustration Wang Chen Jun

　　Transfer money during love, do you need to return it after breaking up? Buying a wedding room and registering your girlfriend’s name is a gift or a joint house purchase? Buying a car before marriage is a bride price or a gift. Can I ask for a return after breaking up? Recently, Haidian court tried many such cases, and the judge explained them in detail and gave a prompt.

　　Case:

　　Forced by his girlfriend to write an iou? If "coercion" is not proved, it will be returned.

　　Xiao Na said that during her love with Xiaolei, Xiaolei borrowed 600,000 yuan from her on the grounds of revolving business, and then repaid 30,000 yuan. In July 2015, Xiaolei issued a debit note to her, promising to repay it at maturity, but failed to fulfill the repayment promise after the expiration. She repeatedly urged for no results, so she sued Xiaolei for repaying the loan principal of 570,000 yuan and paying interest.

　　During the trial, Xiao Na submitted the IOUs and transfer records to the court. The content of the loan shows: "Xiaolei borrowed 600,000 yuan from Xiaona today, and has already paid back 30,000 yuan, leaving 570,000 yuan to be paid off before October 2015. On July 30, 2015, the borrower Xiao Lei. " According to the personal account statement of Xiao Na Bank, Xiao Na transferred RMB 600,000 to Xiaolei from 2014 to 2015 by mobile phone.

　　Xiaolei recognized the transfer record, but said that he and Xiao Na were originally in love, and they often transferred money to each other during their love. He did not borrow money from Xiaona. The two parties originally planned to hold a wedding in August 2015, but a few days before the wedding, Xiao Na and several people forced him to write this IOU.

　　The court held that according to the evidence submitted by Xiao Na, it can be concluded that there is a private loan relationship between her and Xiaolei, and Xiaolei should fulfill the repayment obligation, but the failure to repay all the loans so far has constituted a breach of contract. Xiaolei claimed that the IOU was issued under the coercion of Xiao Na, but no evidence was provided, so the court refused to accept it. Finally, the court ordered Xiaolei to repay Xiao Na’s loan of 570,000 yuan and pay corresponding interest.

　　The judge suggested that the lender should keep the payment voucher.

　　Hu Meiqing of Haidian Court said that it is very common for lovers to transfer money to each other. After the relationship ends, it is not uncommon for one party to advocate "transferring money to borrow money" and sue. Because many lovers write IOUs to each other for emotional reasons, but no loans actually occur, it is more complicated to identify such loan relationships.

　　Is it a loan relationship to transfer money during the relationship? The judge believes that the party who advocates the establishment of the loan relationship generally bears the burden of proof on whether the loan relationship is true and the actual delivery of the loan. Therefore, it is particularly important for lenders to keep relevant payment vouchers. Borrowing between lovers, it is best to leave traces by means of transfer, etc., and at the same time pay attention to keeping the bank’s running water and transaction records. If you need to pay a large amount of cash, you should keep the bank’s withdrawal records, and if necessary, you should ask the other party to issue an iou or sign a loan agreement.

　　Case:

　　Before marriage, the court awarded 50% of the property rights under the name of one registered person.

　　Another pair of lovers, Zhou Yang and Li Ting, have been dating since they were in college, and they broke up in 2015. In October 2012, the two parties jointly invested to buy a house in Haidian District, Beijing. Because Zhou Yang was not qualified to buy a house at that time, they negotiated and signed a sales contract with the real estate company in the name of Li Ting. After that, Zhou Yang paid the down payment of 1,588,519 yuan, the purchase price of 160,000 yuan, and Li Ting paid the remaining house price of 440,000 yuan. The house was registered in the name of Li Ting. On June 30, 2016, after obtaining the qualification to buy a house, Zhou Yang contacted Li Ting to handle the house transfer, but Li Ting ignored it. Zhou Yang found out that she planned to sell the house through an intermediary company.

　　In this regard, Zhou Yang believes that the joint purchase of a house by both parties and Li Ting’s unauthorized sale have seriously infringed on their legitimate rights and interests, so he sued his ex-girlfriend and demanded that the house be divided according to law, with himself and Li Ting accounting for 78.3% and 21.7% respectively.

　　However, Li Ting said that the house was registered in her personal name and belonged to personal property, and Zhou Yang had no right to divide it; Moreover, the purchase price paid by Zhou Yang is a gift to her, and there is no common property between the two parties.

　　During the trial, both of them said that they intended to buy a house as a wedding room, but later they broke up due to emotional reasons, and the house has been occupied by Li Ting. The court held that it was an act of jointly purchasing property with marriage intention to jointly invest and buy a house in the name of Li during their love. Now the two sides have failed to get married and end their love relationship, and the purpose of buying a house has been impossible to achieve. Although the property right is registered in the name of the woman, it should still be recognized as common property. In the end, the court ruled that the house was jointly owned by two people, with each party holding 50% of the property rights, and Li Ting assisted Zhou Yang in the registration of the property rights.

　　The judge suggested that buying a house together during love is regarded as common property.

　　It is more and more common to buy a house jointly before marriage. Hu Meiqing believes that houses, cars and furniture jointly invested by both parties during the period of love should be regarded as common property. At the termination of the joint ownership relationship, the division of the joint property shall be handled according to the agreement if there is an agreement, and if there is no agreement, the factors such as the contribution of the co-owners, the contribution to the joint property and the actual needs of the co-owners in production and life shall be considered. In order to avoid disputes in the future, we should be cautious in buying a house together during the period of love. We can sign a capital contribution agreement in advance to stipulate their respective shares, and at the same time, we should keep relevant evidence such as bank transfer records and payment vouchers.

　　Case:

　　Buying a car, registering in the name of the prospective mother-in-law, breaking up, and the court awarded the refund of the car.

　　A couple decided to get married. Li Wen said that he spent 226,856.9 yuan to buy an SUV as a wedding gift at the request of his girlfriend Zhang Xia. Because they were not qualified to buy a car in Beijing, they registered the car in the name of Zhang Xia’s mother Wang. However, the two sides broke up soon due to personality and other reasons. Li Wen’s request for Zhang Xia to return the car purchase fee was rejected, so he sued Zhang Xia’s mother and daughter for returning the engagement price of more than 230,000 yuan.

　　During the trial, Zhang Xia’s mother and daughter argued that there was no engagement between Li Wen and Zhang Xia, and the vehicle involved in the case that Li Wen invested and registered under Wang’s name was not an engagement bride price. Because of their long relationship, Li Wen mentioned breaking up many times. Before buying a car, Li Wen broke up with Zhang Xia again. This time, he proposed to buy a car for Zhang Xia to make up for his feelings. Moreover, when buying a car, the old car under Wang’s name is discounted to 8000 yuan, so the newly bought car also has Wang’s rights and interests, which should be divided before disposal. The used car has been depreciated and should not be returned at the new car price.

　　The court held that the car purchase money should belong to Li Wen’s expenditure for the purpose of marriage and has the nature of bride price. Although Zhang Xia’s mother and daughter claimed that Li Wen’s contribution was a gift, they did not provide sufficient evidence and the court did not support it. In view of their failure to get married, Li Wen has the right to demand that the other party return the corresponding expenses incurred for marriage. Regarding the amount of money to be refunded, it should be judged according to Li Wen’s actual expenses for purchasing the car. Finally, the court ruled that Zhang Xia’s mother and daughter returned Li Wen’s car purchase price of 232,983.79 yuan.

　　Judge’s tip: unmarried people ask for the support of the bride price court.

　　Hu Meiqing said that the phenomenon of paying bride price before marriage is a custom, which is popular in many parts of China. If both parties fail to go through the marriage registration formalities, and one party requests to return the bride price, it shall be supported. If unmarried men and women have indeed lived together but are not registered to get married in the end, the court can determine whether to return and the amount of the bride price according to the time of their living together, the amount of the bride price and the local rural customs and habits. In addition, the actual payers and recipients of the bride price are not limited to men and women themselves. If the actual recipients of the bride price are the parents of the woman or other people, when the man sues for the return of the bride price, the woman and the actual recipients can be listed as co-defendants. (The parties in the text are all pseudonyms) (Reporter Lin Jing)

　　　　　　 CCTV News:The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution on the DPRK on the 22nd, and decided to impose more severe sanctions on the DPRK.

　　　　　　 The new sanctions resolution was drafted by the United States, including requiring North Korea to reduce the annual import volume of refined oil from 2 million barrels to 500,000 barrels, the annual import volume of crude oil should not exceed the upper limit of 4 million barrels, and North Korea’s overseas workers should be repatriated within a limited period of time.

North Korea tests missiles (data map)

　　　　　　 This is the tenth time that the Security Council has adopted a resolution on sanctions against North Korea’s nuclear program since 2006.

　　　　　　 [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China] I hope that all parties concerned will implement the resolutions related to the DPRK in a comprehensive and balanced manner.

　　　　　　 Answering a reporter’s question about China’s comment on this resolution, Hua Chunying, spokesman of South China’s Foreign Ministry, said: On December 23rd, the Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 2397 in response to the launch of an intercontinental ballistic missile by North Korea in November. The resolution moderately strengthens sanctions against the DPRK, while stressing that it should not have adverse humanitarian impact on the DPRK civilians, normal economic activities and cooperation, food aid and humanitarian assistance, or the activities of diplomatic missions in the DPRK, reaffirming the maintenance of peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia, calling for peaceful, diplomatic and political solutions to the problem, supporting the resumption of the six-party talks, and stressing that all parties concerned should take measures to reduce the tension on the peninsula. China hopes that all parties concerned can implement the Security Council resolutions related to the DPRK, including Resolution 2397, in a comprehensive and balanced manner, and promote the peaceful settlement of relevant issues on the peninsula.

　　　　　　 As a close neighbor of the Korean peninsula, China pays close attention to the development of the situation on the peninsula, and always adheres to the position of realizing the denuclearization of the peninsula, maintaining peace and stability on the peninsula, and solving problems through dialogue and consultation. This is our consistent position in dealing with the DPRK nuclear issue and related issues, including participating in the deliberations of the Security Council. At present, the situation on the peninsula is complex and sensitive. China calls on the countries concerned to exercise restraint and make active efforts to ease the tension on the peninsula and properly solve the peninsula problem. We also hope that all parties concerned will actively consider the "double suspension" initiative and the "two-track parallel" idea put forward by China, work with China to promote dialogue and consultation, and make efforts to promote the denuclearization of the peninsula and achieve peace and stability on the peninsula.

　　"Up for three years, down for three years, flat for three years,The cycle of material price change is generally ten years. Based on this cyclical feature, people in the timber industry expected at the end of 2023 that "the price of timber has been rising for three years and should fall back." However, in the first half of this year, the price of Chinese herbal medicines continued to rise after a short-term adjustment at a high level.

　　After a whole year’s inventory digestion of raw materials of traditional Chinese medicine, the gross profit margin of some listed Chinese medicine enterprises changed greatly in the first quarter of this year, and the pressure of raw material cost began to appear.

　　Manager Li, a staff member of the original purchasing department of a listed pharmaceutical company, told the Cailian reporter: "Last year, some enterprises did predict the price increase of Chinese medicine raw materials and reserved raw materials, but generally speaking, the raw materials reserved by a company are usually one year, at most two years."

　　Since the beginning of this year, the index of Kangmei Chinese herbal medicine has risen from 1810.99 points to 2248.52 points, with an increase of 24.16%. The prices of some varieties such as Atractylodes macrocephala, Cortex Moutan and Radix Paeoniae Alba have increased several times. The prices of Chinese herbal medicines continued to rise overall on the basis of last year’s high prices, while pharmaceutical companies turned to buy high-priced medicinal materials in the market after their own low-priced raw material stocks were exhausted, which may continue to push up the production costs of enterprises. The impact of this year’s price increase on listed Chinese pharmaceutical companies may be deepened.

　　The gross profit margin of some Chinese medicine pharmaceutical companies has dropped significantly.

　　As can be seen from the financial report data of Chinese medicine listed companies in the first quarter of this year, the gross profit margin of some companies showed a clear downward trend.

List of some enterprises whose gross profit margin decreased year-on-year in the first quarter

　　The gross profit margin of the above-mentioned companies in Q1 2024 decreased by an average of 7.65pct compared with the same period of last year, and the gross profit margin of many listed companies decreased by more than 10pct.

　　In this regard, Cailian reporters called some listed companies as investors, and some listed companies said that the rising price of Chinese herbal medicines caused cost pressure on the company’s products.(300519.SZ) A company official said: "The price of Chinese herbal medicines doubled from last year to this year."

The price index of Chinese herbal medicines reached a new high this year.

　　(002603.SZ) said at the performance briefing that Chinese herbal medicines haveAttribute, there is a certain periodicity. Among the Chinese herbal medicines used in the company’s exclusive products, the prices of some Chinese herbal medicines rose significantly compared with last year, which affected the gross profit margin of some products to some extent. The company will take measures to reduce costs and increase efficiency to maintain relatively stable gross profit margin. In addition, the company will further strengthen the construction of Chinese herbal medicine breeding bases, which can not only guarantee the quality of Chinese herbal medicines from the source, but also alleviate the price pressure of some Chinese herbal medicines to some extent.

　　The reporter of Cailian found that the prices of raw materials for the main products of several listed companies with obvious decline in gross profit margin have indeed risen sharply. such as(002728.SZ), the price of raw materials for washing Aster rose from 45 yuan/kg at the end of 2022 to 90 yuan/kg at present, while that of Radix Platycodi rose from 37 yuan/kg to 43 yuan/kg, that of Radix Peucedani rose from 45 yuan/kg to 85 yuan/kg, and that of Radix Glycyrrhizae rose from 22 yuan/kg to 31 yuan/kg. Only Fructus Aurantii decreased slightly from 23 yuan/kg.

　　However, it should also be noted that not all companies’ gross profit margin decreases are caused by changes in the cost of medicinal materials, and changes in the company’s product structure and the results of medical insurance negotiations will have a greater impact on the company’s gross profit margin.

　　However, for most Chinese medicine pharmaceutical companies, the overall price of Chinese medicine is still on the rise this year, and the gross profit margin of enterprises is affected by the change of raw material cost or more obvious than last year. This year, the prices of some commonly used Chinese herbal medicines, such as Atractylodes macrocephala, Radix Paeoniae Alba and Radix Aucklandiae, have risen sharply, and the market sentiment continues to rise. However, the prices of Chinese herbal medicines, such as Angelica sinensis, Codonopsis pilosula and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, which fell back in the second half of last year due to excessive increase, also showed signs of stabilization.

　　After investigating and interviewing the distribution market of Chinese herbal medicines and some listed companies, the reporter of Cailian found that for enterprises with Chinese herbal medicine planting bases, the stability of product supply can be basically guaranteed when the price of Chinese herbal medicines rises, but because most of the medicinal materials in most enterprises are mainly planted in a cooperative way, the purchase price of raw materials is purchased at a protective price that goes with the market, which will not greatly benefit when the price of the medicinal materials rises.

　　Manager Li told Cailian reporter: "The raw material reserves of most large Chinese medicine pharmaceutical companies generally analyze the price when purchasing medicinal materials. If the current price of a medicinal material is significantly higher than normal, enterprises generally will not make a large number of purchases, but will only use it as needed."

　　If the current pharmaceutical companies start to use the purchasing strategy of low-inventory raw materials, under normal circumstances, the price of high-priced raw materials will slowly decrease due to weak demand, but if the price of this raw material continues to rise, pharmaceutical companies can only passively purchase.

　　Enterprises raise prices? Break the contract? Or involution?

　　Faced with the rising prices of Chinese herbal medicines, various companies have made different countermeasures for different products and markets.

　　Some listed companies have chosen to raise prices, the earliest is(600436.SH) issued the Announcement on Price Adjustment of Leading Products in May 2023, and the company indicated that the retail price of Pien Tze Huang tablets, the leading product, in the domestic market will be raised from 590 yuan to 760 yuan from May 6, 2023, with an increase rate of 28.8%.

　　For this price increase, the company said that it was mainly due to the rising cost of raw materials. The reporter of Cailian learned from the staff of Bozhou Drug Merchants Network that the price of bezoar, the main raw material needed by Pien Tze Huang, has increased significantly in the past two years. The price of natural bezoar per kilogram has risen from 500,000 yuan to a maximum of 1.8 million yuan, and now it has dropped slightly to around 1.5 million yuan.

　　However, Pien Tze Huang did not raise the price of Angong Niuhuang Pill, another product with bezoar as the main raw material. Earlier, a staff member of another Angong Niuhuang Pill manufacturer told the Cailian reporter that although the price of bezoar has increased greatly, the company’s price increase needs to take into account the situation of competitors of the same product. If the price increase is rushed, it may affect the product sales.

　　Except Pien Tze Huang,(002644.SZ) also announced in March this year that it will adjust the ex-factory price of its main proprietary Chinese medicine products due to rising raw materials and production costs, with an average price increase of 9%. Judging from the company’s first quarterly report, the gross profit margin of sales was 31.1%, which was indeed higher than that of 26.66% in the same period of last year. However, since the company raised the price in March, the boosting effect of the price increase on the gross profit margin has not yet fully appeared in the first quarterly report.

List of some enterprises whose gross profit margin increased year-on-year in the first quarter

　　From the product structure of the company, its main products include compound Huangqi Jianpi oral liquid, concentrated Danggui pill, Xiaoyao pill, Angong Niuhuang pill and Liuwei Dihuang pill, most of which are OTC products.The public selling price of e-commerce platforms such as Taobao shows that the price of the company’s products is relatively low compared with similar products of other brands, and the gross profit margin is relatively low.

　　In addition, Cailian reporters learned from pharmacies and some listed companies that the prices of main products of listed companies have also been adjusted. among(600993.SH) A company official said that the price of hemorrhoid cream under the company increased slightly. There are also staff members of a medical institution in Shijiazhuang City who reported to the Cailian reporter.The price of quick-acting jiuxin pills has increased recently.

　　Under the pressure of rising prices of Chinese herbal medicines, some enterprises chose to breach the contract. Last month, Shandong Province announced two batches of "Announcement on Medical Price and Credit Evaluation Results of Illegal Enterprises in Joint Procurement of Chinese Herbal Pieces by Sanming Purchasing Alliance Inter-provincial Purchasing Alliance". Many enterprises refused to fulfill their commitments and refused to fulfill their purchase, sale or distribution contracts without justifiable reasons.（600085.SH）、The subsidiaries of (600518.SH) and Zhendong Pharmaceutical (300158.SZ) are all on the list of general dishonesty/serious dishonesty.

　　The list mainly involves varieties such as Paeonia lactiflora, earthworm, Atractylodes macrocephala, Cortex Moutan, Angelica sinensis, Codonopsis pilosula, etc., which have increased greatly in the second half of last year or this year. Taking Atractylodes macrocephala as an example, the unified price of goods in Bozhou and anguo city markets rose from the lowest 28 yuan per kilogram last year to the highest 170 yuan per kilogram this year.

　　Some insiders told Cailian reporter that because the centralized collection of Chinese herbal medicines in Shandong was not forced by the government, but made by micro-doctors, the risk of default was low. Therefore, some pharmaceutical companies chose to take the initiative to default because the cost of some drinks increased too much, if they continued to supply, they would cause serious losses.

　　In addition to price increase and default, enterprises have a slightly helpless third choice. Some people in listed companies said that the price increase may face an unfavorable situation of competition with the same products, and now they can only support it, but the company will try its best to reduce various expenses.

　　Faced with the rising prices of medicinal materials, some experts in the medicinal materials industry, such as Bozhou and Anguo, have also begun to revise their judgments on the rising cycle of Chinese medicinal materials-"There is a constant inflow of funds, and it may rise." However, some old drug dealers believe that the actual demand growth of medicinal materials is not so great. The price increase of many medicinal materials is not driven by demand, but by funds. Medicinal materials are hoarded in cold storage to form inventory, and the risk of price decline in the market is increasing.