The original literature and history Jun Haoran’s literature and history is included in the topic # Late Qing Dynasty 28# China Modern History 37.

Tongzhi

Historians often describe Tongzhi Emperor as a "doormat" controlled by Cixi. At the same time, the death of Emperor Tongzhi is also a hot topic in academic circles and workshops, and the explosive words like brothel and syphilis are also popular among the people. Today, Wen Shijun will take a look at the life of Emperor Tongzhi with you.

First, Zai Chun’s early establishment and Xinyou coup

Emperor Tongzhi, namely Aisingiorro Zai Chun, is the eldest son of Emperor Xianfeng and the biological son of Cixi. Before Tongzhi ascended the throne, that is, in the eleventh year of Xianfeng (1861), in the Xinyou year of the lunar calendar, there was a coup in the palace-Xinyou coup, also known as Qixiang coup.

Tongzhi

The word "Qi Xiang" was originally promised by Zai Chun, and it was taken from "Don’t dry up, don’t be a child, give birth to Qi Xiang" in The History of Song Dynasty. Later, after the successful coup, the title of "Tongzhi" was changed.

In July of this year, when Xianfeng was dying, he decided to make Zai Chun the Crown Prince. Because the emperor was worried that his son was young, he appointed eight people, including Su Shun and Duan Hua, to assist the young master in government affairs, which was known as "Eight Ministers of Gu Ming" in history.

Xianfeng

However, Xianfeng’s decision shook the conservative political forces headed by Yi. Yi joined forces with Empress Dowager Cixi and Ci ‘an, who also had political ambitions, and successfully launched a coup in September. Eight ministers demoted and killed, and the palace almost became the world of a three-person group.

In winter, the Empress Dowager Ci ‘an and Empress Cixi changed the title to Tongzhi, and the Tongzhi emperor officially ascended the throne in the Hall of Supreme Harmony. Tongzhi, taking the meaning of "Tongzhi" in the Spring and Autumn Annals, symbolizes the Manchu people’s willingness to cooperate with the Han monarch and ministers and rule the country together. Of course, this title also follows the title of Shunzhi of the first emperor. The Empress Dowager of the Imperial Palace formally listened to the government in hall of mental cultivation. Until the emperor grew up, no matter how big or small, he had to listen to the queen mother of the two palaces.

Cixi and Ci ‘an controlled the state affairs.

Second, listening to politics and the change of Zai Chun’s thought.

The Empress Dowager of the two palaces listened to politics, and the young emperor was also happy to be at leisure and set his mind at ease to study in the Hongde Hall, which was taught by Qi Junzao and others. If this goes on, the Tongzhi emperor will study hard with his heart, and the old lady will carefully assist his ministers. This should have been a scene of blind date.

Tongzhi emperor’s juvenile pen practice map

However, the operation of power often does not follow the routine. Soon, Cixi overwhelmed Yi and Ci ‘an in the power struggle, and the three-person group became "one arbitrary family". Cixi cultivated her pro-Party and restricted the emperor’s power. When the emperor grew up, he found that he was not like that at all. The contradiction between mother and son just surfaced.

Cixi in film and television dramas

But Cixi was in full swing, and Zai Chun couldn’t help it, if not taste. In the eighth year of Tongzhi (1869), the Qing court began to prepare for the big wedding for the emperor, and Cixi decreed that the ceremony should be "frugal".

At that time, Zai Chun was 14 years old, and both Shunzhi and Kangxi were married at this age. The emperor is young and has his own interests. But the queen mother’s decision is obviously that she doesn’t want Zai Chun to "contact her in-laws" too early. He was afraid that the emperor would have other support, which would hinder him from listening to politics.

Young tongzhi emperor

Three years later, in the draft of Qing Palace, both Empresses had their own fancy. On the surface, it is to choose a concubine for the emperor. In private, the tide is surging and competing with each other. Never thought, Tongzhi emperor didn’t like Fucha arranged by his mother, but liked Arute recommended by Empress Dowager Ci ‘an. Tongzhi is probably deliberately angry with Cixi. The emperor is young and energetic. He has long had a contradiction with his mother and hates his mother. Naturally, he hates his house and his house.

This made Cixi quite unhappy and finally decided to suppress the emperor and the imperial concubine. There is often a saying in unofficial history that Arute was persecuted to death by Cixi, which is actually how it came about.

Arute in film and television dramas

In the first month of the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873), the Empress Dowager of the two palaces allowed Tongzhi to take charge of her own affairs. Tongzhi was 18 years old this year, which was the quiet period of Qing diplomacy. The Taiping Rebellion was initially put down in China, and the Westernization Movement was in full swing. The emperor also has a heart of struggle. This period is called "Tongzhi Zhongxing".

Originally, in this good time, the Tongzhi emperor should make great efforts, but in October of the following year, it was suddenly reported that the emperor was ill in the palace, and the memorial was still to be approved by the Queen Mother of the two palaces. On the fifth day of December, Emperor Tongzhi died in hall of mental cultivation at the age of 19. The Tongzhi emperor, who had just ruled the country and was full of ambitions and practiced, died so hastily.

Tongzhi died

Third, the mystery of tongzhi’s death

How did Emperor Tongzhi die? The academic and anecdotal versions are different. There is a saying from the Diary of Weng Tonghe that Tongzhi got "pox" and died of smallpox.

But people don’t believe this version. Because the emperor began to have a sick body in October and died suddenly in December, this time of more than one month did not conform to the death law of "pox disease". Therefore, unofficial history speculated that Tongzhi was "going to get sick". This "sexual disease" is syphilis.

Tongzhi

Which version should we believe?

Let’s talk about pox first. According to the record in Weng Tonghe’s Diary, the emperor began to stay in bed in November, and was diagnosed by the physician Li Deli as suffering from smallpox. At the beginning of the month, the emperor had symptoms of "no appetite" and "sore throat and nausea". Later, after eating duck porridge, Radix Scrophulariae, cicada clothing and honeysuckle, "the sore throat was reduced".

In the middle of the month, Weng Tonghe was able to meet the emperor personally. He described Tongzhi as "lying out, flowers are extremely dense", which means that the emperor has acne all over his body. After two days, I saw that the emperor became "powerful in voice and full in grouting", which seemed to be the stage for the human body to fight smallpox virus, and the emperor seemed to be getting better.

Cixi visits the sick

In fact, the emperor did not recover from illness. It is precisely because the acne granules are full but delayed, and those who do not get acne are unclear. By the beginning of December, the emperor became "haggard and hot in his chest." When the physician uncovered the ointment and squeezed pus, he found that "the pus was half-filled and purple under the waist." It wasn’t long before the emperor died.

This is Weng Tonghe’s record of Tongzhi Emperor’s illness, which is very detailed and clear.

Weng Tonghe in Film and Television Plays

However, according to unofficial history’s Legacy of the Qing Palace, "Tongzhi went to the place where prostitutes worked, causing syphilis". Emperor, why do you sleep in flowers and willow trees? Unofficial history said that it was the emperor who was afraid of the majesty of Cixi and felt that the palace was boring, so he "went out and indulged in prostitution". What’s even more amazing is that the emperor also specially looked for some "prostitutes in the city", that is, those "wild sellers" who couldn’t get on the table. Xiao Yishan, a famous historian of Qing Dynasty, has repeatedly emphasized that Tongzhi Emperor died of syphilis, which is widely circulated among the people. Considering the emperor’s special hobbies, it seems that it is not impossible.

However, in recent years, a large number of Qing Palace archives have been published, which provides some new materials for people to explore these issues. For example, the archives of the Qing Dynasty, Long live the book of drugs for smallpox, recorded all the diagnosis and medication records since the illness of Emperor Tongzhi. Comparing these records with Weng Tonghe’s diary, the records of the illness are relatively consistent. Scholars in the Palace Museum also consulted relevant Chinese medicine experts on this file, and the conclusion was that they died of smallpox, and the experts also gave a specific course of disease: smallpox (pox rash) was the initial stage of the disease; The middle stage of the disease is "carbuncle after acne" caused by the virus of acne rash; The later stage of the disease is "toothache" caused by the residual poison of acne rash; Finally, he died of toxic heat invagination.

Tongzhi is in brothel.

Therefore, from the current research, it seems that the Tongzhi emperor is more likely to die of smallpox. As for the statement of syphilis, it may be related to the special hobby of Tongzhi and the people’s rebellious psychology towards the "big man" in folk communication.

Wen Shijun said

Empress Dowager Cixi was too harsh, which made Tongzhi develop a rebellious and withdrawn character. It is said that the eunuch in the palace secretly opened a small door for him at the edge of the Forbidden City to please the young master. Tongzhi went out of the city through a small door, and three or two attendants walked close to him. It would be a great loss of decency if someone saw the emperor prostitute himself. However, it is an indisputable fact that Tongzhi has this hobby. Yi and other ministers have warned the Queen Mother many times, which is recorded in the history books. The emperor had to avoid the minister’s eyes and vent his desire in a remote place where no one cares. Indulgence, plus the place to go is not an "insurance" place. Therefore, the probability of the emperor being infected with prostitution is not small. But in the end, he got sick and died. According to the analysis of medical records, smallpox is more likely.

references

Qu Weiying: The Cause of Death of Tongzhi and Guangxu, Outlook Weekly, No.11, 1988.

Shen Weibin: Viewing the illness and cause of death of Tongzhi Emperor from the Diary of Weng Tonghe, Exploration and Contention, No.1, 2006.

Xu Yipu: The Death of Emperor Tongzhi, Journal of the Palace Museum, No.4, 1980.

(Author: Haoran literature and history porcelain country garbage dump)

Original title: "He was the shortest-lived emperor of the Qing Dynasty. He was controlled to die strangely all his life. Did he die of smallpox or syphilis? 》

CCTV News:Driving a luxury car and living in a spacious house, who would have thought that behind a glamorous family, the price was a woman’s miserable life for nine years. Recently, Chongqing police found a domestic violence case and rescued a woman who was illegally detained by her husband.

An alarm message reveals her husband’s evil deeds.

On March 16, 2017, the duty room of Shapingba police station suddenly received a short message alarm from the command center of the municipal bureau. The content of the short message was very strange: help me, I am now under control and coerced to engage in fraud, involving hundreds of thousands of dollars.

The police initially thought it was a pyramid scheme. The policeman indicated his detailed address at the end of the message, and the police quickly rushed to the incident site. What the police didn’t expect, however, was that this incident was worse than illegal detention through pyramid schemes — — What appeared in front of the police was a girl handcuffed to the computer.

The woman was pale, her left foot was locked by anklets, and she dared not speak. There are many QQ and WeChat chat interfaces on the computer screen.

There was also a man at the scene. He said that he and the girl were husband and wife. Because they quarreled, they were afraid that she would run, so they locked them on the stool.

In front of the police, the man took out the ankle key and opened the lock for the woman. The woman looked very scared and told the police in a low voice that she was abused.

Police:Hit you with this stick?

Woman:Hmm.

Police:He hit it with this stick. Is it hurt?

Woman:Yes.

In the victim’s home, the police also found handcuffs, anklets and other items. The police brought the two back to the police station for further investigation.

The woman was imprisoned by her husband for 9 years and coerced to cheat online.

In the police station, the alarm woman told the whole story with tears, and a sensational story gradually surfaced.

In 2008, 20-year-old Zhang Xue (a pseudonym) went to work in Shanghai from her hometown of Zhongxian, and met Chen Hua (a pseudonym). They soon became boyfriend and girlfriend. After a period of contact, Zhang Xue found that Chen Hua had a bad temper and was very selfish, so she broke up. But Chen Hua didn’t agree, and several people rushed to her rental house to beat her.

In desperation, Zhang Xue chose to endure, but did not expect that this endurance was a dark life for 9 years. Soon, Zhang Xue became pregnant, and under the coercion of Chen Hua, they got married. Zhang Xueben thought that Chen Hua’s temper would be restrained when she had a child. Unexpectedly, he intensified and dragged her onto the road of telecom fraud.

Zhang Xue:He asked me to cheat others on the Internet. At first, I didn’t know how to chat with others. He was chatting and typing, and the video was pointed at me. Later, he taught me how to chat. At first, I was very nervous. As soon as I said something wrong, he called me with a fist.

"Deception indicators" can’t be beaten by husbands.

Chen Hua, who has no job, gives Zhang Xue "business indicators" every day. If he can’t cheat the specified amount every day, he will be beaten. In order to force Zhang Xue to complete his "performance", Chen Hua’s violence also began to escalate, using various tools.

Zhang Xue:Hit with clothes hangers, wires, baseball bats, wooden sticks, screwdrivers and vises, whatever you can.

Chen Hua stipulates that he must cheat 4,000 to 5,000 every day. One day, Zhang Xue didn’t cheat money, but he took a knife and cut off her little finger.

Reporter:The direct knife was cut off?

Zhang Xue:Yes, there’s only one skin left, and now I’m unconscious in front.

Reporter:Besides this kind of injury, what other injuries are there?

Zhang Xue:This hand was also cut by him with a knife, and so was this place. After knowing him, I was hurt all over my body.

Unable to stand the beating, Zhang Xue began to cheat money online according to Chen Hua’s request, from one or two hundred yuan at the beginning to thousands later.

In order to prevent his telecom fraud from being exposed, in 2016, Chen Hua moved to Chongqing with Zhang Xue and her daughter, and installed a camera at home to monitor Zhang Xue’s every move with her mobile phone.

Zhang Xue:My record of transferring money to him on WeChat is at least 500,000, and he said that he played games with the money. I don’t want to lie to others.

Reporter:Does your child know every time he hits you?

Zhang Xue:The child is here, and the child says, mom, you are so poor. She can’t tell lies, but only do things. She said, mom, you’d better go and do something. I don’t want dad to hit you.

The wife couldn’t bear to call the police and the husband was detained.

The victim thought that her forbearance could make her husband change, but she didn’t expect her husband to treat her more severely, which made her finally summon up the courage to call the police.

In February of this year, Chen Hua bought handcuffs and anklets to lock Zhang Xue in order to let Zhang Xue continue to cheat him. This lock is a month, and it has also become the fuse for Zhang Xue to decide to resist Chen Hua. Zhang Xue quietly collected evidence of Chen Hua’s illegal detention and forcing her to commit telecom fraud through mobile phone camera and recording. On March 16th, Zhang Xue finally got up the courage and sent the alarm message. At present, Chen Qiang is criminally detained by the police on suspicion of illegal detention and telecom fraud, while Zhang Xue is a coerced crime. The police will make a decision on how to deal with her after further investigation.

The Anti-Domestic Violence Law has been implemented for one year: the success rate of personal safety protection orders is 98%

The police who handled the above-mentioned cases told the reporter that the police station often encountered domestic violence cases when receiving the police, but because the violence cases occurred at home, it was often difficult for the police to handle them because of insufficient evidence. The ignorance of violence will only make the perpetrators more unscrupulous. Zhang Xue is a living example.

From March 1, 2016 to now, China’s Anti-Domestic Violence Law has been implemented for one year. As the first anti-domestic violence law in China, it clearly stipulates that "physical and mental violations committed by family members in the form of beating, binding, mutilation, restriction of personal freedom, frequent abuse and intimidation" belong to domestic violence.

In the more than one year since the implementation of the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, there is a data worthy of attention, which has more enlightenment significance for this case. According to the statistics of the Supreme People’s Court, from March 1, 2016 to the end of December, 2016, the national courts issued a total of more than 680 personal safety protection orders, with a success rate of 98%, ranking first in the implementation rate of civil rulings in China. For Zhang Xue in this case, if she can apply for this protection order earlier during her nine-year imprisonment, the tragedy may be avoided to some extent.

How can a victim of domestic violence apply for a personal safety protection order?

When can I apply?

Suffering from domestic violence or facing the real danger of domestic violence. Domestic violence includes physical and mental violations such as beating, binding, mutilation, restriction of personal freedom, frequent abuse and intimidation. Unmarried cohabitation can also be applied.

How to apply for a personal safety protection order?

Written application, if you have difficulty, you can apply orally. If the party concerned is a person with no (limited) capacity for civil conduct, or cannot apply for it due to coercion, intimidation and other reasons, close relatives, public security organs, women’s federations, neighborhood committees, village committees and relief management agencies may apply for it on their behalf. There is no need to pay legal fees and provide guarantee for the application.

How long can I get a reply after applying?

After accepting the application, the court makes a decision within 72 hours; In case of emergency, it should be decided within 24 hours.

How long is the personal safety protection order valid?

No more than 6 months from the date of making the decision.

How does the personal safety protection order protect the applicant?

Prohibit the respondent from committing domestic violence; Prohibit the respondent from harassing, stalking or contacting the applicant and its related close relatives; Ordering the respondent to move out of the applicant’s residence for protection; Other measures for the personal safety of the applicant.

The personal safety protection order shall be executed by the court, and the public security organs, residents’ committees and villagers’ committees shall assist in the execution.

What should the respondent do if he violates the habeas corpus?

If it constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law; If it does not constitute a crime, it shall be fined up to 1000 yuan and detained up to 15 days according to the seriousness of the case.